Browsing by Author "Oboh, Ganiyu"
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Item Alkaloid extracts from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) inhibit phosphodiesterase‐5, arginase activities and oxidative stress in rats penile tissue(Wiley, 2019-04-11) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Famurewa, Akindele J.; Jaiyeoba, Oluwademilade A.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Agbebi, Oluwaseun J.The erectogenic potential of alkaloids extracted from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amyg‐ dalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) was investigated in this study. Fresh leaves obtained from Bitter leaf and Black night shade were air‐dried, pulverized, and extracted for alkaloids. The inhibitory potential of the alkaloid extracts on arginase and phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5) activities in rats penile tissue was determined in vitro. The antioxidant properties were also evaluated and the constituent alkaloids quantified using GC‐MS. The alkaloid extracts inhibited arginase (0–30.51 μg/ml) and PDE‐5 (0–133.69 μg/ml) activities in a concentration‐dependent pattern. Similarly, the alkaloid extracts inhibited Fe2+‐induced lipid peroxidation in rats penile tissues, scavenged DPPH, OH, and NO radicals as a function of concentration. GC‐MS char‐ acterization revealed over 20 alkaloid compounds. The inhibition of PDE‐5‐, argin‐ ase‐, pro‐oxidant‐induced lipid peroxidative‐, and free radicals‐scavenging activities by the alkaloids is suggestive of putative mechanisms underlying their therapeutic use for managing erectile dysfunction in folklore medicine. Practical applications Alkaloids extracted from Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) were characterized and investigated by standard procedures for inhibi‐ tory action against key erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes and antioxidant activity. The alkaloids inhibited erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes (arginase and PDE‐5) and showed considerable antioxidant activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. In view of this, we suggest the application of these results in the development of erec‐ tile dysfunction drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, with probable minimal or no adverse effect.Item Alkaloid extracts from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) inhibit phosphodiesterase‐5, arginase activities and oxidative stress in rats penile tissue(Wiley, 2019-04-11) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Famurewa, Akindele J.; Jaiyeoba, Oluwademilade A.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Agbebi, Oluwaseun J.The erectogenic potential of alkaloids extracted from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) was investigated in this study. Fresh leaves obtained from Bitter leaf and Black night shade were air‐dried, pulverized, and extracted for alkaloids. The inhibitory potential of the alkaloid extracts on arginase and phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5) activities in rats penile tissue was determined in vitro. The antioxidant properties were also evaluated and the constituent alkaloids quantified using GC‐MS. The alkaloid extracts inhibited arginase (0–30.51 μg/ml) and PDE‐5 (0–133.69 μg/ml) activities in a concentration‐dependent pattern. Similarly, the alkaloid extracts inhibited Fe2+‐induced lipid peroxidation in rats penile tissues, scavenged DPPH, OH, and NO radicals as a function of concentration. GC‐MS characterization revealed over 20 alkaloid compounds. The inhibition of PDE‐5‐, arginase‐, pro‐oxidant‐induced lipid peroxidative‐, and free radicals‐scavenging activities by the alkaloids is suggestive of putative mechanisms underlying their therapeutic use for managing erectile dysfunction in folklore medicine. Practical applications Alkaloids extracted from Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) were characterized and investigated by standard procedures for inhibitory action against key erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes and antioxidant activity. The alkaloids inhibited erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes (arginase and PDE‐5) and showed considerable antioxidant activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. In view of this, we suggest the application of these results in the development of erectile dysfunction drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, with probable minimal or no adverse effect.Item Anticholinesterase and Antioxidative Properties of Aqueous Extract of Cola acuminata Seed In Vitro(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014-11-18) Oboh, Ganiyu; Akinyemi, Ayodele J.; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oyeleye, Idowu S.Background. Cola acuminata seed, a commonly used stimulant in Nigeria, has been reportedly used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases in folklore without scientific basis. This study sought to investigate the anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from C. acuminata seed in vitro. Methodology. The aqueous extract of C. acuminata seed was prepared (w/v) and its effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase activities, as well as some prooxidant (FeSO4, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and quinolinic acid (QA)) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro, was investigated. Results. The results revealed that C. acuminata seed extract inhibited AChE (IC50 = 14.6 μg/mL) and BChE (IC50 = 96.2 μg/mL) activities in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, incubation of rat’s brain homogenates with some prooxidants caused a significant increase in the brain malondialdehyde (MDA) content and inhibited MDA production dose-dependently and also exhibited further antioxidant properties as typified by their high radicals scavenging and Fe2+ chelating abilities. Conclusion. Inhibition of AChE and BChE activities has been the primary treatment method for mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, one possible mechanism through which the seed exerts its neuroprotective properties is by inhibiting cholinesterase activities as well as preventing oxidative-stress-induced neurodegeneration. However, this is a preliminary study with possible physiological implications.Item Antioxidant activities and glycemic indices of ice creams enriched with orange (Citrus sinensis) and shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels and effects on rat lipid profiles(Wiley, 2021-05) Ademosun, Ayokunle Olubode; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ajeigbe, Olufunke FlorenceThis study evaluated the effects of ice creams produced from blends of orange (Citrus sinensis) and shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels on the blood lipid profile, glycemic index, and antioxidant indices in the liver and heart of rats. Formulated ice cream was produced at a different proportion of citrus (orange and shaddock) blends and fed to rats for 28 days. The result showed that the formulated ice cream enriched with citrus peels blends caused a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in the plasma and antioxidant status in the liver and heart homogenates, decreased the glycemic index, concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein in the plasma as against rats fed on plain and commercial ice creams. To conclude, the use of ice creams from blends of orange and shaddock peels could serve as a functional food for weight reduction, glycemic index, management of lipid-related diseases, and prevention of oxidative stress-related complications in the liver and heart. Practical applications The consumption of ice creams has increased in many parts of the world. However, there have been limited efforts aimed at improving the medicinal properties of frozen dairy products. Hence, these ice creams could be produced on a large scale under regulated condition since they have improved medicinal properties which would be a good option for preventing/combating degenerative conditions and their related complications.Item Antioxidant activities and glycemic indices of ice creams enriched with orange (Citrus sinensis) and shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels and effects on rat lipid profiles(Wiley, 2021-05) Ademosun, Ayokunle Olubode; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ajeigbe, Olufunke FlorenceThis study evaluated the effects of ice creams produced from blends of orange (Citrus sinensis) and shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels on the blood lipid profile, glycemic index, and antioxidant indices in the liver and heart of rats. Formulated ice cream was produced at a different proportion of citrus (orange and shaddock) blends and fed to rats for 28 days. The result showed that the formulated ice cream enriched with citrus peels blends caused a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in the plasma and antioxidant status in the liver and heart homogenates, decreased the glycemic index, concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein in the plasma as against rats fed on plain and commercial ice creams. To conclude, the use of ice creams from blends of orange and shaddock peels could serve as a functional food for weight reduction, glycemic index, management of lipid-related diseases, and prevention of oxidative stress-related complications in the liver and heart. Practical applications The consumption of ice creams has increased in many parts of the world. However, there have been limited efforts aimed at improving the medicinal properties of frozen dairy products. Hence, these ice creams could be produced on a large scale under regulated condition since they have improved medicinal properties which would be a good option for preventing/combating degenerative conditions and their related complications.Item Comparative effect of quercetin and rutin on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and some prooxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas(Springer, 2014-12-10) Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademosun, Ayokunle O.; Ayeni, Peluola O.; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Bello, FataiThis study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin, its glycosylated conjugate rutin and various combinations of the two flavonoids on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) in a bid to understand the possible mechanisms of action by which quercetin and rutin could be used in the prevention/management of the degenerative condition. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of quercetin, rutin, and various combinations of the two flavonoids on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities and the ability of the flavonoids to inhibit some pro-oxidants-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas. The effect of the flavonoids on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities as well as pro-oxidant (Fe2+ and SNP)-induced lipid peroxidation in rats’ pancreas homogenates was investigated. Rutin (IC50 = 0.048 μΜ) exhibited a significantly (P < 0.05) higher inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation than quercetin (IC50 = 0.075 μΜ). Furthermore, rutin had a stronger inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 0.043 μM) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.037 μM) activities than quercetin [α-amylase (IC50 = 0.061 μM); α-glucosidase (IC50 0.038 μM)]. A combination of 25 % quercetin and 75 % rutin showed the strongest inhibition (P < 0.05) of α-amylase activity (IC50 = 313.87 μg/L) while 100 % quercetin showed the least inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 507.61 μg/L) activity and same trend was followed for α-glucosidase activity. This study revealed that glycosylation increased the inhibitory ability of quercetin on key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and combination of quercetin and rutin had higher synergistic inhibitory abilities on the enzymes than the individual flavonoids, suggesting that a combination of food sources rich in these flavonoids could be very effective in the management/prevention of type 2 diabetes.Item Drying methods alter angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phenolic constituents of African Mistletoe (Loranthus bengwensis L) Leaves(SAGE Publications, 2016-10) Oboh, Ganiyu; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Ademiluyi, Adedayo O.This study investigated the most appropriate drying method (sun drying, oven drying, or air drying) for mistletoe leaves obtained from almond tree. The phenolic constituents were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector, while the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts of the leaves on angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) was determined in vitro as also the antioxidant properties. Oven-dried extract (kidney [276.09 μg/mL] and lungs [303.41 μg/mL]) had the highest inhibitory effect on ACE, while air-dried mistletoe extract (kidney [304.47 μg/mL] and lungs [438.72 μg/mL]) had the least. Furthermore, the extracts dose-dependently inhibited Fe2+ and sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s heart and kidney. Also, all extracts exhibited antioxidative properties as typified by their radical scavenging and Fe-chelating ability. Findings from this study revealed that oven drying is the best of the 3 drying methods used for mistletoe obtained from almond host tree, thus confirming that diversity in drying methods leads to variation in phenolic constituents and biological activity of plants.Item Effect of dietary supplementation of Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii) leaf on high fat diet/streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats’ brain and platelets(Elsevier Masson, 2016-12-01) Saliu, Jamiyu A.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Rocha, João B. T.; Schetinger, Maria R.; Guterries, Jessie; Stefanello, Naiara; Carvalho, Fabiano; Schmatz, Roberta; Morsch, Vera M.; Boligon, AlineBackground This study investigated the effects of Padauk leaf on brain malondialdehyde (MDA) content, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, ectonucleotidases and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in the platelet of high fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods The animals were divided into six groups (n = 7): normal control rats; diabetic rats + high fat diet (HFD); diabetic rats + HFD + Metformin; diabetic rats + HFD + acarbose; diabetic rats + HFD + 10% Padauk leaf; normal rats + basal diet + 10% Padauk leaf. After 30 days of experiment comprising of acclimatization, dietary manipulation, pre-treatment with STZ and supplementation with Padauk leaf, the animals were sacrificed and the rats’ brain and blood were collected for subsequent analysis. Results The results demonstrated that the elevated MDA content and AChE activity in the diabetic rats were significantly reduced when compared with the control rats. Furthermore, the increased NTPDases, 5′-nucleotidase and ADA activities in the diabetic rats were significantly reduced when compared with the control rats. Conclusion This study demonstrated that Padauk leaf exhibited modulatory effects on purinergic and cholinergic enzymes involved in the prevention of platelet abnormality and consequent vascular complications in diabetic state.Item Effects of drying on cholinesterases and angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory potential and phenolic constituents of African mistletoe (Loranthus bengwensis L) leaves from kolanut host tree(Wiley, 2017-12-15) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademiluyi, Adedayo O.This study investigated the most appropriate drying method (sun drying, oven drying, and shade drying) for mistletoe leaves obtained from kolanut tree. The phenolic constituents were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector, while the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts of the leaves on cholinesterases and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and antioxidant activities were determined in vitro. The extracts inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and ACE in dose-dependent manner. However, extract from sun-dried sample exhibited the highest AChE, BChE, and ACE inhibitory effect while extract from shade-dried sample had the least. Likewise, sun-dried sample exhibited the highest antioxidant properties as exemplified by Fe21-chelating, 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhdrazyl, OH, and nitric oxide radical scavenging abilities. This study also revealed the presence of 20 phenolic compounds with caffeic acid being the most predominant. Conclusively, kolanut host tree mistletoe leaves can be used as therapeutic agent in the management of Alzheimer’s disease and hypertension.Item Effects of drying on cholinesterases and angiotensin‐I converting enzyme inhibitory potential and phenolic constituents of African mistletoe (Loranthus bengwensis L) leaves from kolanut host tree(Wiley Online Library, 2018-08) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademiluyi, Adedayo O.This study investigated the most appropriate drying method (sun drying, oven drying, and shade drying) for mistletoe leaves obtained from kolanut tree. The phenolic constituents were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector, while the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts of the leaves on cholinesterases and angiotensin‐I converting enzyme (ACE) and antioxidant activities were determined in vitro. The extracts inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and ACE in dose‐dependent manner. However, extract from sun‐dried sample exhibited the highest AChE, BChE, and ACE inhibitory effect while extract from shade‐dried sample had the least. Likewise, sun‐dried sample exhibited the highest antioxidant properties as exemplified by Fe2+‐chelating, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2 picrylhdrazyl, OH, and nitric oxide radical scavenging abilities. This study also revealed the presence of 20 phenolic compounds with caffeic acid being the most predominant. Conclusively, kolanut host tree mistletoe leaves can be used as therapeutic agent in the management of Alzheimer's disease and hypertension.Item Ficus asperifolia Miq-enriched biscuit diet protects against L-NAME induced hyperlipidemia and hypertension in rats(Food Frontiers, 2021-06) Ajeigbe, Olufunke Florence; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademosun, Ayokunle Olubode; Oyagbemi, Ademola AdetokunboDietary sources of functional foods and nutraceutical have shown strong potentials in the management of hypertension and its complications. Sandpaper leaves, Ficus asperifolia Miq (FA), particularly found in Africa has a rich folkloric history in the management of diabetes and hypertension. This study produced biscuits supplemented with blends of FA at 2.5% and 5% fed to Nw (G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME, 40 mg/kg/day) induced-hypertensive rats for 14 days followed by the assessment of blood pressure, lipid profile, and atherogenic index in hypertensive rats. The phenolic constituents of FA blends were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography diode-anode (HPLC-DAD). Thereafter, the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using the tail-cuff method afterwhich the heart and lungs of ratswere collected, weighed, and the antioxidant status and lipid cholesterol profile were assessed. We realized that recorded phenolic constituents in extracts of FA was at a high level and FA enriched biscuit-diet caused a significant decrease in SBP and MABP in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats, body weight, atherogenic index and cholesterol profile in treated rats. However, FA enriched biscuit resulted in increased activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) antioxidant enzymes in the heart and lungs of hypertensive rats. This study revealed that FA enriched biscuit-diet does not only have antihypertensive and antioxidant potential in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats but also plays a protective role in themanagement of hyperlipidemia.Item Fig leaves varieties reduce blood pressure in hypertensive rats through modulation of antioxidant status and activities of arginase and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme(Springer Link : Comparative Clinical Pathology, 2021-05) Ajeigbe, Olufunke F.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademosun, Ayokunle Olubode; Oyagbemi, Ademola AdetokunboThe medicinal application of sandpaper leaves in the management of hypertension has been reported with very little knowledge on the variety with better anti-hypertensive properties. Hence, this study seeks to compare phenolic content and the effect of some varieties of sand paper leaves (Ficus spp.), namely, Ficus exasperata (FE), Ficus asperifolia (FA), Ficus mucuso (FM) and Ficus capensis (FC) on the systolic and diastolic bood pressures (SBP and DBP), angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE), and arginase activities and antioxidant status in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats. The animals were divided into eleven groups (n = 6): normotensive control rats, hypertensive rats, hypertensive rats treated with atenolol (10 mg/kg/day), hypertensive rats treated with 2.5% and 5% FE, FA, FM, and FC extract inclusive diet respectively. There was a significant rise (p < 0.05) in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, ACE and arginase activities, and antioxidant status in the hypertensive rats. However, there were reductions in the SBP, DBP, ACE, and arginase activities and increase in the antioxidant status of the rats fed with the Ficus leaves. FM had the highest phenolic (91.09 mg/100 g) and flavonoid content (43.35 mg/100 g). FA showed the best anti-oxidant property, while FC showed the strongest inhibition of ACE and arginase activities.Item Impact of drying processes on Bryophyllum pinnatum phenolic constituents and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities in human erythrocytes(Wiley, 2020-05-05) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademiluyi, Adedayo O.; Oladele, Josephine O.; Boligon, Aline A.The effect of drying on the phytoconstituents, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves was investigated. The phenolic constituents were characterized using HPLC-DAD. The aqueous extraction was done and various assays (Inhibition of membrane stabilization, albumin Denaturation and heatinduced hemolysis, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity), were carried out on human erythrocytes. The fresh portion (89.12 μg/ml) exhibited the highest potential to inhibit heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard drug—Diclofenac (91.51 μg/ml). Freeze-dried sample showed the highest inhibitory potential on albumin denaturation ([Freeze-dried-330.72 μg/ml], [Diclofenac-318.63 μg/ml]) and membrane destabilization ([Freeze-dried-331.93 μg/ml], [Diclofenac-289.57 μg/ml]) when compared with Diclofenac. Similarly, the freeze-dried sample showed the highest GSH and SOD level and lowest MDA level when human erythrocytes challenged with tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) were treated with the extract. This study confirms the retention of a considerable quantity of bioactive constituents of plants when freeze-dried. Practical applications The ideal method of drying Bryophyllum pinnatum and possible anti-inflammatory potential was investigated. This work may apply to the development of anti-inflammatory agents from a natural source with little or no side effect in managing inflammation.Item Impact of drying processes on Bryophyllum pinnatum phenolic constituents and its antiinflammatory and antioxidative activities in human erythrocytes(Wiley, 2020-06-09) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademiluyi, Adedayo O.; Oladele, Josephine O.; Boligon, Aline A.The effect of drying on the phytoconstituents, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves was investigated. The phenolic constituents were characterized using HPLC-DAD. The aqueous extraction was done and various assays (Inhibition of membrane stabilization, albumin Denaturation and heatinduced hemolysis, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity), were carried out on human erythrocytes. The fresh portion (89.12 µg/ml) exhibited the highest potential to inhibit heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard drug—Diclofenac (91.51 µg/ml). Freeze-dried sample showed the highest inhibitory potential on albumin denaturation ([Freeze-dried-330.72 µg/ml], [Diclofenac-318.63 µg/ml]) and membrane destabilization ([Freeze-dried-331.93 µg/ml], [Diclofenac-289.57 µg/ml]) when compared with Diclofenac. Similarly, the freeze-dried sample showed the highest GSH and SOD level and lowest MDA level when human erythrocytes challenged with tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) were treated with the extract. This study confirms the retention of a considerable quantity of bioactive constituents of plants when freeze-dried.Item In vitro antioxidant activities of African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) leaf and its effect on the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of acarbose(Elsevier, 2016-06-01) Adefegha, Stephen A.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Jimoh, Tajudeen O.; Oyeleye, Sunday I.Objective This study sought to determine the antioxidant activities of African birch leaf, to assess its interaction with key enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and to evaluate its effect on acarbose in vitro. Methods One milligram per milliliter of aqueous extract of African birch and acarbose were separately prepared. At the same time, both the African extract and acarbose solution (50:50 v/v) were thoroughly mixed until homogeneity was attained. The phenolic phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties of African birch leaf were subsequently determined. Finally, the effects of African birch extract, acarbose solution and a mixture of acarbose and African birch extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were assessed in vitro. Results The results showed that African birch extract demonstrated a remarkable antioxidant effect, as exemplified by its radical scavenging abilities, Fe2+ chelating ability and prevention of lipid peroxidation. Acarbose had significantly (p < 0.05) higher α-amylase (IC50 = 11.77 μg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 9.05 μg/ml) activities compared to African birch extract [α-amylase (IC50 = 242.17 μg/ml); α-glucosidase (IC50 = 196.35 μg/ml)]. However, the combination of acarbose and African birch extract showed an additive effect on α-amylase inhibition, while a resultant synergistic action was observed against α-glucosidase inhibition. Conclusion The additive and synergistic actions of the combination of African birch extract and acarbose solution suggest effective, complementary and alternative strategies towards the management/treatment of hyperglycaemia associated with type 2 diabetes.Item In Vitro Studies on the Antioxidant Property and Inhibition of 𝛼-Amylase, 𝛼-Glucosidase, and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme by Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Bean(Hindawi, 2014) Oboh, Ganiyu; Ademosun, Ayokunle O.; Ademiluyi, Adedayo O.; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Nwanna, Esther E.; Longe, Kuburat O.This study sought to investigate the antidiabetic and antihypertensive mechanisms of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean through inhibition of 𝛼-amylase, 𝛼-glucosidase, angiotensin-1 converting enzyme, and oxidative stress. Methodology. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the water extractable phytochemicals from the powdered cocoa bean were determined and the effects of the extract on 𝛼-amylase, 𝛼-glucosidase, and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme activities were investigated in vitro. Furthermore, the radicals [1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2..-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl (OH), and nitric oxide (NO)] scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant property of the extract were assessed. Results. The results revealed that the extract inhibited 𝛼-amylase (1.81 ± 0.22 mg/mL), 𝛼-glucosidase (1.84 ± 0.17 mg/mL), and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (0.674 ± 0.06 mg/mL [lungs], 1.006 ± 0.08 mg/mL [heart]) activities in a dose-dependent manner and also showed dose-dependent radicals [DPPH (16.94 ± 1.34 mg/mL), NO (6.98 ± 0.886 mg/mL), OH (3.72 ± 0.26 mg/mL), and ABTS (15.7 ± 1.06 mmol/TEAC⋅g] scavenging ability. Conclusion. The inhibition of 𝛼-amylase, 𝛼-glucosidase, and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme activities by the cocoa bean extract could be part of the possible mechanism by which the extract could manage and/or prevent type-2 diabetes and hypertension.Item Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and oxidative stress by some common apple varieties(Nutrafoods, 2016) Oboh, Ganiyu; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oyeleye, Sunday I.; Akinyemi, Ayodele J.In recent times, the consumption of apples has been encouraged for the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, but biochemical evidence to support this practice is lacking. Therefore, this study investigated α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation potential as well as the total phenol and flavonoid contents of aqueous extracts of the apple varieties Malus sylvestris (green apple), Malus pumila (red apple) and Syzygium samarangense (wax apple). The results showed that all apple varieties inhibited α-amylase (IC50=12.66–16.98 µg/ml) and α-glucosidase (13.55–16.23 µg/ml) in a dosedependent manner, with green apple showing the highest inhibitory activity while wax apple had the least. Similarly, all apple varieties showed dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50=222.92–278.71 µg/ml) with green apple also showing the highest scavenging activity while wax apple showed the least. Furthermore, the aqueous extracts of the apple varieties dosedependently inhibited Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas (38.60–53.57 µg/ml), with wax apple exhibiting the highest inhibitory potential. Also, the total phenol content of the apple varieties ranged from 16.14 to 17.45 mg GAE/100g, while the flavonoid content ranged from 4.17 to 5.56 mg QUE/100 g, with green apple having the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The biological activities exhibited by the apple varieties could be attributed to the presence of biologically active photochemicals. Furthermore, the apple variety (green apple) with the highest phenolic content showed the best overall activity, indicating the potent role of phenolic compounds in the management of diabetes, thereby providing biochemical support for the use of apples as a functional food in diabetes management.Item Modulatory effect of protocatechuic acid on cadmium induced nephrotoxicity and hepatoxicity in rats in vivo(Springer International Publishing, 2015-12-01) Adefegha, Stephen A.; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oboh, GaniyuIntroduction: This study sought to investigate the effect of protocatechuic acid (PCA); a phenolic compound readily available in most plant foods on cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatoxicity in rats. Case description: Thirty six adult male rats weighing about 150–160 g were acclimatized for 2 weeks and subsequently divided into six groups: Group 1 rats received normal saline (control group), group 2 rats were administered 5 mg Cd/kg body weight in form of solution orally (induced group), groups 3 and 4 received cadmium solution and different doses of PCA (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) respectively, while groups 5 and 6 were the normal rats administered different doses of PCA (10 and 20 mg/kg) respectively in an experiment that lasted for twenty one days. The animals were sacrificed, the blood was collected and the serum was subsequently prepared. Furthermore, the liver was excised, homogenized and centrifuged to obtain the tissue homogenate used for the analyses. The serum was used for the determination of the total protein, urea, creatinine and uric acid levels while the liver homogenate was used for the estimation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Discussion and evaluation: The result revealed that total protein level was reduced in cadmium induced toxicity rat group which was elevated upon treatment with PCA. Conversely, the elevated levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine in cadmium induced toxicity kidney rats were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in PCA treated groups. Similarly, marked elevation in the ALT, AST and ALP activity were observed in cadmium induced toxicity rat group when compared with the control group. However, significant (p < 0.05) decrease in ALT, AST and ALP activity were noticed in groups administered different doses of PCA. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that PCA may protect against cadmium-induced toxicity in the kidney and liver.Item Modulatory Effects of Ferulic Acid on Cadmium-Induced Brain Damage(SAGE, 2015-11-16) Adefegha, Stephen A.; Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Fasakin, Olasunkanmi; Ogunsuyi, OpeyemiStudies have shown the pharmacological relevance of phenolics like ferulic acid (FA) in promoting health. This study sought to investigate the modulatory effects of FA on cadmium-induced brain damage in rats. Brain damage was induced in Wistar strain rats by oral administration of cadmium (5 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. Assays for malondialdehyde (MDA) content, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and Naþ/Kþ-ATPase activities were carried out. The study revealed significant (P < .05) increases in the MDA content and all enzymes’ (AChE, BChE, MAO, and Naþ/Kþ- ATPase) activity investigated following cadmium administration. However, rats administered FA (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) alongside cadmium significantly (P < .05) protected the brain by reversing the level of lipid peroxidation as measured by the MDA content as well as the enzymes’ activity. This study, therefore, substantiates the neuroprotective potentials of FA especially in the management of cadmium-induced toxicity.Item Relieving the tension in hypertension: Food–drug interactions and anti-hypertensive mechanisms of food bioactive compounds(Wiley : Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2020-06-14) Ajeigbe, Olufunke F.; Ademosun, Ayokunle Olubode; Oboh, GaniyuHypertension is a global health problem. Statistics report from the World Health Organization reveals its prevalence in about a quarter of the world global population. Due to the complications associated with hypertension, it is required to be well managed or prevented pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically. Pharmacologically, the major antihypertensive drugs used are centrally acting sympatholytic drugs, diuretics, vasodilators, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers while non-pharmacological means of management include lifestyle changes, intake of diet or supplements with antihypertensive effects. Interestingly, the use of diet as a complement with drug intake has become very popular due to occurring side effects over time. Recent research efforts have revealed that foods such as fruits and vegetables contain bioactive substances that modulate the activities of macromolecules involved in the development, complications, and management of hypertension. Practical applications Recent research efforts have suggested the efficacy of diets rich in fruits and vegetables in the management of hypertension. This review examines some of the mechanisms involved in the dietary management or prevention of hypertension by bioactive compounds found in foods. This review promotes the use of diet in the management of the condition and also suggests that precautions to be taken in the combined use of food and drugs.