Browsing by Author "Anumudu, Chiaka I."

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    Arsenicosis in bladder pathology and schistosomiasis in Eggua, Nigeria
    (Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2018-06-02) Bakare, Shukurat O. Bakarea; Adebayo, Adewale S.; Awobode, Henrietta O.; Onile, O.S.; Agunloyeb, Atinuke M.; Isokpehic, Raphael D.; Anumudu, Chiaka I.
    Background: Chronic schistosomiasis and arsenic exposure through drinking water are some of the risk factors for bladder cancer. To determine the association of schistosomiasis and arsenicosis with bladder pathologies, 122 individuals from Eggua in southwest Nigeria were recruited for this study. Methods: Prevalence of schistosomiasis was determined by urine microscopy and PCR. Total urinary arsenic concentration and arsenic levels in three different water sources in the community were assessed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Bladder pathologies were investigated by ultrasonography. The data collected were evaluated with chi-square (χ2) and ANOVA tests to examine the relationships among demographic factors, infection, bladder pathologies and urinary arsenic concentrations. Results: The prevalence and mean intensity of schistosomiasis were 21.3% and 20.7 eggs/10 mL urine, respectively. Arsenic concentration in two of the water sources, River Yewa (0.46 mg/L) and borehole (0.52 mg/L), were above the WHO standard (0.01 mg/L); and the mean concentration in urine samples, 1.17 mg/L, was also above the WHO standard (0.2 mg/L). There was no evidence of an association between bladder pathology and arsenicosis, or between schistosomiasis associated-bladder pathology and arsenicosis (p=0.66). Conclusions: Arsenicosis is a public health concern in the study population. At the moment no clear roles are envisaged for it in the development of bladder pathologies or urinary schistosomiasis-associated bladder pathologies in Eggua.
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    An immunoinformatics approach for the design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine for urogenital schistosomiasis
    (PeerJ, 2020-10-02) Onile, O.S.; Fadahunsi, Adeyinka I.; Adekunle, Ameerah A.; Oyeyemi, Bolaji F.; Anumudu, Chiaka I.
    Discovery of T and B memory cells capable of eliciting long-term immunity against schistosomiasisis is important for people in endemic areas. Changes in schistosomes environment due to developmental cycle, induces up-regulation of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) which assist the parasite in coping with the hostile conditions associated with its life cycle. This study therefore focused on exploring the role of HSPs in urogenital schistosomiasis to develop new multi-epitope subunit vaccine against the disease using immunoinformatic approaches. The designed subunit vaccine was subjected to in silico antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity and physicochemical parameters analysis. A 3D structure of the vaccine construct was predicted, followed by disulphide engineering for stability, codon adaptation and in silico cloning for proper expression and molecular protein–protein docking of vaccine construct in the vector against toll-like receptor 4 receptor, respectively. Consequently, a 493 amino acid multi-epitope vaccine construct of antigenicity probability of 0.91 was designed. This was predicted to be stable, non-allergenic in nature and safe for human use.
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    Metabolite profiling for biomarkers in Schistosoma haematobium infection and associated bladder pathologies
    (PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2018-04) Adebayo, Adewale S.; Mundhe, Swapnil D.; Awobode, Henrietta O.; Onile, O.S.; Agunloye, Atinuke M.; Isokpehi, Raphael D.; Shouche, Yogesh S.; Santhakumari, Bayatigeri; Anumudu, Chiaka I.
    Background Metabolic fingerprinting analysis can offer insights into underlying reactions in a biological system; hence it is crucial to the understanding of disease pathogenesis and could provide useful tools for discovering biomarkers. We sought to examine the urine and plasma metabolome in individuals affected by urogenital schistosomiasis and its associated-bladder pathologies. Methodology Blood and midstream urine were obtained from volunteers who matched our inclusion criteria among residents from Eggua, southwestern Nigeria. Samples were screened by urinalysis, microscopy, PCR and ultrasonography, and categorised as advanced (urogenital schistosomiasis associated-bladder pathologies), infection-only (urogenital schistosomiasis alone) and controls (no infection and no pathology). Metabolites were extracted and data acquired with ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Thermo Q-Exactive orbitrap HRMS. Data was analysed with MetaboAnalyst, Workflow4Metabolomics, HMDB, LipidMaps and other bioinformatics tools, with univariate and multivariate statistics for metabolite selection. Principal findings There were low levels of host sex steroids, and high levels of several benzenoids, catechols and lipids (including ganglioside, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine), in infection-only and advanced cases (FDR<0.05, VIP>2, delta>2.0). Metabolites involved in biochemical pathways related to chorismate production were abundant in controls, while those related to choline and sphingolipid metabolism were upregulated in advanced cases (FDR<0.05). Some of these human host and Schistosoma haematobium molecules, including catechol estrogens, were good markers to distinguish infection-only and advanced cases. Conclusions Altered glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism could be key factors promoting the development of bladder pathologies and tumours during urogenital schistosomiasis.
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    Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of human urine to identify novel candidate protein biomarkers for schistosomiasis
    (PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2017-11) Onile, O.S.; Calder, Bridget; Soares, Nelson C.; Anumudu, Chiaka I.; Blackburn, Jonathan M.
    Background Schistosomiasis is a chronic neglected tropical disease that is characterized by continued inflammatory challenges to the exposed population and it has been established as a possible risk factor in the aetiology of bladder cancer. Improved diagnosis of schistosomiasis and its associated pathology is possible through mass spectrometry to identify biomarkers among the infected population, which will influence early detection of the disease and its subtle morbidity. Methodology A high-throughput proteomic approach was used to analyse human urine samples for 49 volunteers from Eggua, a schistosomiasis endemic community in South-West, Nigeria. The individuals were previously screened for Schistosoma haematobium and structural bladder pathologies via microscopy and ultrasonography respectively. Samples were categorised into schistosomiasis, schistosomiasis with bladder pathology, bladder pathology, and a normal healthy control group. These samples were analysed to identify potential protein biomarkers. Results A total of 1306 proteins and 9701 unique peptides were observed in this study (FDR = 0.01). Fifty-four human proteins were found to be potential biomarkers for schistosomiasis and bladder pathologies due to schistosomiasis by label-free quantitative comparison between groups. Thirty-six (36) parasite-derived potential biomarkers were also identified, which include some existing putative schistosomiasis biomarkers that have been previously reported. Some of these proteins include Elongation factor 1 alpha, phosphopyruvate hydratase, histone H4 and heat shock proteins (HSP 60, HSP 70). Conclusion These findings provide an in-depth analysis of potential schistosoma and human host protein biomarkers for diagnosis of chronic schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium and its pathogenesis
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    Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of human urine to identify novel candidate protein biomarkers for schistosomiasis
    (PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2017-11) Onile, O.S.; Calder, Bridget; Soares, Nelson C.; Anumudu, Chiaka I.; Blackburn, Jonathan M.
    Background Schistosomiasis is a chronic neglected tropical disease that is characterized by continued inflammatory challenges to the exposed population and it has been established as a possible risk factor in the aetiology of bladder cancer. Improved diagnosis of schistosomiasis and its associated pathology is possible through mass spectrometry to identify biomarkers among the infected population, which will influence early detection of the disease and its subtle morbidity. Methodology A high-throughput proteomic approach was used to analyse human urine samples for 49 volunteers from Eggua, a schistosomiasis endemic community in South-West, Nigeria. The individuals were previously screened for Schistosoma haematobium and structural bladder pathologies via microscopy and ultrasonography respectively. Samples were categorised into schistosomiasis, schistosomiasis with bladder pathology, bladder pathology, and a normal healthy control group. These samples were analysed to identify potential protein biomarkers. Results A total of 1306 proteins and 9701 unique peptides were observed in this study (FDR = 0.01). Fifty-four human proteins were found to be potential biomarkers for schistosomiasis and bladder pathologies due to schistosomiasis by label-free quantitative comparison between groups. Thirty-six (36) parasite-derived potential biomarkers were also identified, which include some existing putative schistosomiasis biomarkers that have been previously reported. Some of these proteins include Elongation factor 1 alpha, phosphopyruvate hydratase, histone H4 and heat shock proteins (HSP 60, HSP 70). Conclusion These findings provide an in-depth analysis of potential schistosoma and human host protein biomarkers for diagnosis of chronic schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium and its pathogenesis.
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    Socio-cultural and environmental determinants of a proposed schistosomiasis health education intervention in Eggua, Nigeria
    (JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH, 2019-08-29) Anumudu, Chiaka I.; Onile, O.S; Awobode, Henrietta; Gboyega-Tokunbo, Anuoluwapo; Oladele, Victoria; Adebayo, Adewale; Chouvwen, Catherine O.
    Background: Central to the utility of health education in the control of schistosomiasis is an understanding of the way a community perceives, understands, and can explain how schistosomiasis occurs among them. Methods: In order to study the environmental, social, and cultural determinants of continued schistosomiasis prevalence in Eggua, we administered semi-structured questionnaires to 372 adults between November 2012 and December 2015 which asked about the perceptions, understanding of the community and the patterns of schistosomiasis. Results: The respondents’ ages ranged from 35 to above 60 years. 44.7% had no schooling and 39.6% had at least primary education. 48.4% were farmers, 29.8% traders, and 1.6% fisher-folk. Majority (79%, 95% CI 76.5–83.0) were of a Christian denomination where members spend long periods in the river praying. Water contact was frequent with 89.5% visiting the rivers daily. Despite the research surveys taking place in Yewa since 2009, 81.5% of respondents did not know the cause of blood in urine, and self-reported hematuria was low, 4.6%. Latrine use was negligible, up to 95% of respondents did not have a latrine. Those who had heard about schistosomiasis were not well educated on prevention methods; 89.5% did not know they could be re-infected after the treatment. Conclusion: Formal Health Education initiatives which consider these findings should be designed for the control of schistosomiasis in Eggua.