Civil Engineering

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A numerical modelling study of the hydroclimatology of the Niger River Basin, West Africa
(Taylor & Francis, 2016-01-02) Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Abiodun, Babatunde J; Lischeid, Gunnar
Adequate water resources management at the basin level needs quality downscaling of climate change scenarios for application to impact assessment and adaptation work. This study evaluates the ability of a regional climate model (RegCM3) to simulate the present-day climate and regional water balance over the Niger River Basin (NRB). RegCM3 gives a good simulation of the NRB hydroclimatic features. The mean bias error for monthly temperature is 1.5°C, 0.3 mm d-1 for rainfall, and 0.4 mm d-1 for runoff. Moderate to high correlations (0.66– 0.95) were found between the modelled and the observed variables. RegCM3-based water cycling indices were not statistically different from the observation. Seasonal moistening efficiency (m) ranges between 19% and 37%; 66% of the available atmospheric moisture over NRB precipitates between June and September, of which 21% originates from local evaporation. The result suggests that the moisture sink period is July to October with very high precipitation efficiency over the basin. The model reproduces the hydroclimatology of the NRB and hence is a suitable tool for further studies relating to the assessment of climate change impacts on river basin water systems
A semi-empirical model for estimating surface albedo of wetland rice field
(International Commission of Agricultural Engineering, 2007) Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Olukunle, O.J.; Ijatuyi, O.A.; Olufayo, A.A.
Surface albedo plays a vital role in the evapotranspiration component of the wetland rice water balance. This paper examines the influence of the phenological stages of rice (Oriza sativa) field on observed albedo at a tropical site (Ghana) during the year 2002, with a view to parametrizing a simple albedo model suitable for inclusion in models to estimate evapotranspiration in wetland rice cropping systems. Crop management was similar for the two planting dates used in this study. Measurements were taken from 10 m x 10 m plots within rice fields. Four phenological stages were distinguished: emergence, vegetative, flowering and physiological maturity. Surface albedo (α) was measured and simulated, using a calibrated semi-empirical model, at solar zenith angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75°. Leaf area index (LAI) and crop height (h) were also monitored. Generally, albedo increases from emergence to flowering for both planting dates but slightly decreases after flowering. The correlation coefficient (r) between α and LAI equals 0.985 and the correlation coefficient between α and h equals 0.908. The composed albedo model adequately predicted the observed albedos with an overall r = 0.946 and mean bias error (MBE) of 0.002. The extinction coefficient of the rice crop albedo was estimated as 0.75. Data presented are valuable inputs in agricultural water management, rice production models, and especially as vital sub-routine inputs in calculating evaporation and transpiration from wetland rice.
Application of artificial neural network for forecasting standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index: A case study of Nigeria
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020-07) Ogunrinde, Akinwale T.; Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Fasinmirin, Johnson T.; Akinwumiju, Akinola S.
The necessity to perform an accurate prediction of future characteristics of drought requires a robust and efficient technique that can deduce from historical data the stochastic relationship or dependency between history and future. In this study, the applicability of the artificial neural network (ANN) is used for forecasting the standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at 12-month timescale for five candidate stations in Nigeria using predictive variable data from 1985 to 2008 (training) and tested data between 2009 and 2015. The predictive variables are monthly average precipitation, average air temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean speed, mean solar radiation, sunshine hours, and two large-scale climate indices (Southern Oscillation Index and North Atlantic Oscillation). From the several combinations of the input variables, training algorithms, hidden, and output transfer functions, a total of eight model runs stood out using a three-layer ANN network. The most efficient ANN model architecture had 9,8,1 as the input, hidden, and output neurons, respectively, trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm and tansig as the activation and hidden transfer functions. Assessment on the efficiency of the model based on statistics indicate that the coefficient of determination, root mean square error, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency and the mean absolute error ranges between 0.51 and 0.82; 0.57 and 0.75; 0.28 and 0.79; 0.44 and 0.56, respectively, during the testing period. The output of these findings shows that ANN modeling technique can play a significant role as a data-driven model in forecasting monthly SPEI time series and drought characteristics in the study area, thereby leading to the development of an early warning system for the country
Assessing the Impact of Changing Climate on Crop Water Requirements in Nigeria.
(Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 2023-09-29) Ilesanmi, O. A.; Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Olubanjo, O. O.
Climate change is a phenomenon most of the world is recently coming to terms with, but unfortunately, the African region is yet to fully understand and prepare for its effects. This study highlights the impact these changes experienced in the Nigerian climate system will have onCrop water requirements (CWR)for optimal productivity.Data were obtained from five global climate modelsnamely CCCMA, MIROC, ICHEC, NOAA and NCC. These data were sourced in Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) for the 36 states including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The data length varies from 1985 – 2100 for historical, present and future periods. Penman Monteith evapotranspiration (ETo) calculator was used to determine CWR.Trend analysis was carried out on the rainfall, temperature data, and the CWR. This analysis showed a projected slight increase in rainfall and significant increments in temperature varying in the range of 131.18 mm to 135.3mm and 27.2oC to 29.1oC for rainfall and temperature respectively.Results also showed that CWR will increase in future and it correlated strongly with temperature and weakly with rainfall. This result implies that temperature affects CWR more withit driving up the water use of cassava, rice and soybean, thereby leading to increase in yield if adequate water is available as well as coupled with proper management practices. The study has concluded that CWR will increase as the years go by and is higher in states with higher latitudes; it is therefore recommended that farmers' crop production activities should be adapted to maximize available water efficiently
Assessment of the Strength of Conventionally Produced Sandcrete Blocks and Burnt Bricks
(IOSR Journals, 2018-03-15) Adanikin, Ariyo; Jegele, Thompson
The fact remains that housing has been universally acknowledged as the second most important human need after food. It has been of perennial interest to the world at large since its availability touches on one of the widest spectrum of human existence. Sandcrete blocks as building materials have become so popular in many parts of Africa that although similar to bricks in many respects, they both deserve to be treated separately. It is therefore worthy of note that for an engineer to select one of these materials (block and brick), the fitness or suitability of the chosen materials for the purposed structure must be considered.Tests carried out in this research include sieve analysis, Atterberg’s limit tests (Liquid limit and plastic limit) were carried out on the materials (sand andlaterite)to be able to ascertain certain of their properties for their intended use. About ten pieces each of sandcrete block and burnt bricks were prepared for the study and density and compressive strength tests were carried out on them. Findings of the study shows the samples Liquid Limit to be 32%, Plastic Limit of 16.7%, density of the sandcrete block is 1947.47kg/m3 while the density of the burnt brick is 1823.58kg/m3 .The average compressive strength of burnt brick (5.20N/mm2 ) was found to be higher than that of sandcrete block (3.15N/mm2 ).This shows that the compressive strength is directly proportional to the crushing load on the specimens and this is shown by the regression equation y = 0.2129x+1.5;R² = 0.9817 for the burnt bricks and y = 0.14x + 0.7; R² = 0.9942 for the sandcrete blocks.The study therefore concludes that burnt bricks just like sandcrete blocks is a good construction material and can be used for sustainable building construction.
Atmospheric modeling and integration between meteorology and hydrology
(GLOWA, 2002-04) D Burose,; Friesen, J.; Intsiful, J.; Jung, G.; Kunstmann, H.; Moene, A.; Oguntunde, Philip G.; Van de Giesen, N.
Understanding feedback mechanisms between atmosphere and land surface is crucial for predicting impact of global change on the regional hydrological cycle. Unfortunately, meteorological models have different scales than hydrological land surface models, which hinders feedback analysis. Results from innovative field measurements (scintillometry) are presented that help integrate hydrology and meteorology by bridging this scale gap. Subsequently, the operationalization of the MM5 meteorological model is described. Numerical experimentation with MM5 shows that changes in land surface properties do have large feedback effects on regional circulation patterns.
Calibration and validation of a soil water simulation model (WaSim) for field grown Amaranthus cruentus
(International Journal of Plant Production, 2008-07-01) Fasinmirin, JT; Olufayo, AA; Oguntunde, Phillip G.
A water simulation model (WaSim) to simulate the growth and development of Amaranthus cruentus as well as the components of water balance for a typical sandy-clay-loam soil of Akure has been described. Dry season experiments were carried between January and March of 2005 and 2006. Amaranthus seeds were established on the field and three irrigation water managements were imposed on the crop to determine its response to water deficit at its different phenological stages. Amaranthus growth and development, evapotranspiration (ET) and rooting depth were calibrated by fitting the most sensitive variables to obtain the corresponding model output. The model simulated crop growth and crop cover well, the coefficient of determination r2 =0.9 and the difference between simulated and measured root depth is not significant at P<0.001. The actual evapotranspiration (AET) from the model prediction and the measured value gave a fairly high coefficient of correlation r=0.7 at P<0.001. The mean bias error (MBE) and the root mean square error of yield estimates between the measured and the model prediction are -0.4444 and 1.35 respectively at P < 0.001. The model was considered effective and appropriate for daily simulation of water balance, water requirement of crops and in climate effects on crop production.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF USERS PERCEPTION FOR ROAD CONCESSIONING AND TOLLING USING MULTINOMIAL REGRESSION AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
(International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020-02) Ariyo, Adanikin; Alphonsus, Falade Funsho; Oyedepo, Olugbenga Joseph; Adewale Olutaiwo, Adewale
Roads, a predominant means of transportation in developing countries like Nigeria have suffered neglect and are in deplorable conditions due to inadequate funding by the government. However, road concessioning have not been widely accepted in Nigeria due to limited understanding by road users. The 49.5 km Lekki-Epe Road (LER) and 1.36 km Lekki-Ikoyi cable-stayed Link Bridge (LILB) concession road were selected for detailed study. Closed and open ended questionnaires were administered to road users and analyzed. The study findings show that majority of the road users are civil servants, non-resident in the study area and are high-end users of the roads. Also, home based trip purpose, use of personal vehicles, preference for paying the toll fees in cash regardless of the discounts offered on E-Tags was observed among the respondents. Consequently, majority of the road users complained of non-availability of alternative routes, being overtaxed especially when having to use the roads multiple times in a day. The use of fuel tax in financing highway construction and maintenance, and that neither new nor existing highways should be tolled also constitute feedbacks from road users. The study recommends that other options of road infrastructure financing such as the Build, Operate and Transfer should also be considered, and the tolling concessioning period needs to be properly defined. Also, multimodal systems of transportation should also be enhanced in developing countries to alleviate the stress imposed on road pavements that thereby hastens their deterioration.
COVID-19 and E-Learning: Nigeria Tertiary Education System Experience
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 2020-05) Adeoye, I. A.; Adeoye, I. A.; Adanikin, A. F.; Adanikin, A. F.; Adanikin, Ariyo; Adanikin, Ariyo
Globally, the world is faced with the COVID-19 pandemic which has held the economy at ransom not exempting the educational sector. This pandemic has brought about recent changes and disruptions in the educational sector which serves as a catalyst for the development of any nation. Educational sector globally is seen to be shifting towards e-learning in order to cushion the effect of this pandemic. However, developing countries evidence from the Nigeria experience are posed with the challenge of shifting from the traditional teaching method to the e-learning during the pandemic. The challenges arise as a result of the varying degree of preparedness of the institutions, lack of infrastructures, paucity of funds and policies issues in the Nigeria education sector. It is in tandem with this prevailing issues that this study examines the Nigeria educational system based on the global pandemic. This paper further discusses the necessity of e-learning; identifies and discuss challenges as well as opportunities. Recommendations to enhance e-learning during and post COVID-19 were also given
Crack Mechanism of Different Concrete Grades under Compressive Loading: Application in Rigid Pavement
(FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2017-03-31) Oyedepo, Joseph O.; Dada, Temitope; Aladegboye, Segun; Adeniji, Akintayo A.
The growth of cracks in concretes under different loadings in various structures and their consequent diminishing effect on the lifespan of structures is an age long structural problem. This research investigates the influence of compressive loading on the crack mechanism of different concrete grades 1: 1 : 3 (M20), 1: 2: 4 (M15) and 1: 3: 6 (M10) using three brands of cements available in Nigeria namely Dangote (Type A), Elephant (Type B) and Bua (Type C). Particle Size Distribution (PSD), Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) was carried out on aggregates in accordance with relevant codes while; compressive test were performed on the hardened concrete while, the crack width was measured using microscopic technique. A coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 4.00, AIV of 46 % and an ACV of 47.7 % were obtained for the aggregate which are suitable for rigid pavements construction. Maximum compressive strength value of 24.96 N/mm2 , 24.67 N/mm2 and 24.89 N/mm2 respectively was obtained for concrete M20 for Type A, Type B and Type C cement at the 28 day. A corresponding crack width of 0.97 mm, 0.89 mm and 0.93 mm was obtained while; a yield period of 57.66 sec, 58.33 sec and 53.33 was obtained respectively. Comparing with the International Organization for Standardization, concrete grade M20 any of the cement types is suitable for the construction of rigid pavements with heavy traffic volume while M15 is recommended for low traffic volume.
Crop Water Productivity of Plantain (Musa Sp) in a Humid Tropical Environment.
(JOURNAL OF Engineering Science and Technology Review, 2012-01-01) Akinro, A.O.; Olufayo,A.A.; Oguntunde, Phillip G.
Crop water productivity defines the relationship between crop produced and the amount of water involved in producing the crop. It is a useful indicator for quantifying the impact of irrigation scheduling decisions with regard to water management. This paper presents CWP quantified from field experimental data. The field experiments were conducted for three years in a tropical region of south Western Nigeria to determine the crop water productivity (CWP) and consumptive use of plantain (musa sp) cv. Agbagba. There were four treatments and four replicates based on the level of water application. CWP were computed in terms of crop water use, water applied, and economic returns. Results showed that crop water consumed varied significantly (P<0.05) among treatments. Estimated water consumed ranged from 900 mm to 1700 mm from planting to harvest depending on the irrigation water regime. Crop Water Productivity (CWP) in terms of water consumed varied from 0.91 – 1.37 kgm-3 for 2006/2007 and 0.91 – 1.41 kgm-3 in the 2007/2008 seasons respectively while CWP in terms of water applied varied from 2.82 – 3.98 kgm-3 and 2.89 – 4.04 kgm-3 in the first and second seasons respectively. The amount of irrigation water applied at the different growth stages of the crop and the growth stage response to moisture stress influenced the status of CWP. The findings indicated that plantain crops were very sensitive to lack of soil water during the total growing season.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A WEAR TESTING MACHINE FOR MANUFACTURING LABORATORIES
(1st FUOYE INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, 2018) Ogedengbe, Temitayo S.; YUSSOUFF, Abiodun A.; Adanikin, Ariyo
Wear of parts during manufacturing processes is inevitable but controllable. Therefore, the critical study of wear in engineering components is vital because failure of components due to wear has resulted in loss of a great deal of fortune. This study was therefore an attempt to design and fabricate a wear testing machine, evaluate the performance of the machine and compare data obtained with existing ones. Materials for the various parts were carefully selected based on desirable properties and availability. Design calculations were made for the main shaft, compression spring, belt, pulley and electric motor. The post fabrication test was carried out on the machine to evaluate the performance of the machine and results gotten reported
Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of soil
(Biology and Fertility of soils (Springer-Verlag), 2004-03) Oguntunde, Philip G.; Fosu, Matthias; Ajayi, Ayodele E.; Van de Giesen, Nick
The effects of charcoal production on soil textural and chemical properties were investigated in Ejura, Ghana. The aim was to study the effects of heating and charcoal residue on maize yield, soil texture and soil chemical properties. Composite samples were taken from the 0–10 cm layer of soil at charcoal-making sites and from adjacent fields (control). Twelve sites were randomly selected for the study across the range of the Kotokosu watershed. Maize was planted in four selected locations on charcoal site soils (CSS) and adjacent field soils (AFS) to assess the impact of charcoal production on crop yield. There was a significant increase in soil pH, base saturation, electrical conductivity, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Na and available P in the soil at the kiln sites as compared to the adjacent soils. A relative change of up to 329% was observed in K while organic C and total N decreased by 9.8% and 12.8%, respectively. Organic C and total N were highly correlated ( P <0.01) and both parameters significantly ( P <0.05) depended on clay minerals in the soils. Soil texture was also modified with a significantly higher sand content and lower clay fraction in the CSS. The grain and biomass yield of maize increased by 91% and 44%, respectively, on CSS as compared to AFS. Further research to ascertain the longterm effects of charcoal production on the soil environment and the fertility of tropical soils is needed. Keywords Charcoal production · Soil heating · Soil fertility · Maize yield · Ghana
Effects of charcoal production on soil physical properties in Ghana
(WILEY‐VCH Verlag, 2008-08) Oguntunde, Philip G.; Abiodun, Babatunde J.; Ajayi, Ayodele E.; Van De Giesen, Nick
Charcoal production, widespread in Ghana like in other W African countries, is a major driver of land-cover change. Effects of charcoal production on soil physical, including hydrological, properties, were studied in the forest–savannah transition zone of Ghana. Core and composite samples from 12 randomly selected sites across the width of Kotokosu watershed were taken from 0–10 cm layer at charcoal-site soils and adjacent field soils (control). These were used to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), bulk density, total porosity, soil texture, and color. Infiltration rates, surface albedo, and soil-surface temperature were also measured on both sites. The results showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils under charcoal kilns increased significantly (p < 0.01) from 6.1 ± 2.0 cm h–1 to 11.4 ± 5.0 cm h–1, resulting to a relative increase of 88%. Soil color became darkened under charcoal kilns with hue, value, and chroma decreasing by 8%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. Bulk density on charcoal-site soils reduced by 9% compared to adjacent field soils. Total porosity increased from 45.7% on adjacent field soils to 50.6% on earth kilns. Surface albedo reduced by 37% on charcoal-site soils while soil-surface temperature increased up to 4°C on average. Higher infiltration rates were measured on charcoal-site soils, which suggest a possible decrease in overland flow and less erosion on those kiln sites. Keywords: charcoal production / soil physical properties / Ksat / infiltration rates / reflection coefficient / watershed hydrology
Environmental regulation and modelling of cassava canopy conductance under drying root‐zone soil water
(John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007-09) Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Alatise, Michael O
Sap flow was measured, with Granier-type sensors, in a crop of field-grown water-stressed cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Ghana, West Africa. The main objective of this study was to examine the environmental control of canopy conductance (gc) with a view to modelling the stomatal control of water transport under water-stressed condition. Weather variables measured concurrently with sap flow were: air temperature (Ta ), relative humidity (RH ), wind speed (u) and solar radiation (Rs). Relationship between canopy conductance (gc) and vapour pressure deficit (Dε) was curvilinear while no specific pattern was observed with Rs. Average diurnal gc decreased from 3.0 ± 0.6 to 0.7 ± 0.4 mm s−1 between 0730 and 2000 h local time (= GMT) each day. A Jarvis-type model, based on a set of environmental control functions, was parameterized for the cassava crop in this study. Model results demonstrated that gc was estimated with a high degree of accuracy based on Rs, Ta , and Dε (r2 = 0.92; F = 809.2; P < 0.0001). Dε explained about 90% (F = 2129.7;P < 0.0001) of the variations observed in gc, whereas both Rs and Ta contributed about 2% of the explained variance in gc. The aerodynamic conductance (ga ) was very high compared to gc, leading to a daily average ratio ga /gc > 100 and a decoupling factor< 0.1. Cross-validation analysis revealed a consistent good performance (r2 > 0.85) of the gc model with Dε as the only independent environmental variable. Copyright  2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluating a finer resolution global hydrological model’s simulation of discharge in four West-African river basins
(Springer International Publishing, 2021-11) Babalola, T.E.; Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Ajayi, A.E.; Akinluyi, F.O.; Sutanudjaja, E.H.
Performance evaluation of hydrological models enables their consolidation, thereby allowing for the evaluation of water resource conservation approaches. This research aims to evaluate the performance of a finer resolution version (5 arcmin) of the PCRaster Global Water Balance (PCR-GLOBWB) for discharge estimation, in four basins in data-scarce West Africa; the Niger, Komadugu-Yobe, Jama’are, and Ogun. At the Ogun, discharge simulation was validated in a proxy basin, Ouémé, which is hydrologically comparable. The model performance was evaluated using Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), coefficient of determination (r 2 ), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), RMSE—observations standard deviation ratio (RSR), percent bias (PBIAS) and visual plots. PCR-GLOBWB was found to be suitable in all four basins but yielded better performance at three of the basins; the Niger, Jama’are, and Komadugu-Yobe (NSE, KGE, and r 2 above 0.7) compared to the Ogun basin where a proxy validation approach was followed. Results at the Ogun underlined the importance of measured data in hydrological studies. Still, model performance was satisfactory in the Ogun. PCR-GLOBWB performances across the four basins, in the area, validate its reliability as a tool applicable for water resources management strategies and further investigation of impacts of climate variations on river dynamics
Evaluating the Quality Assurance and Control of Hot-Mix Asphalt from Selected Plants in South West, Nigeria
(2020-06-25) Olutaiwo, A. O.; Adanikin, Ariyo
Roads are essential necessity of every nation and it is possible that even with proper designs, the roads might not be constructed to the design standard due to poor quality assurance and control resulting in poor pavement quality. This study presents experimental results carried out on various hot - mix asphalt (HMA) samples obtained across different Asphalt plants in South West Nigeria. This was done to determine the extent to which the HMA used in the construction and rehabilitation of Nigerian roads affect their service life. Six samples of the asphalt binder (bitumen) were obtained from each plant over a period of six months and tested. The tested properties were assessed based on the level of conformance with the specifications and requirements from the FMWH General Specification (Roads and Bridges). The results revealed that HMA from plant B had a specific gravity of 1.01, penetration of 65.00 mm, softening point of 53 oC, flash point of 237.00 oC, peak Marshall Stability of 18.25 kN, flow of 3.87 mm and voids in total mixture peak value of 5.08 %. HMA from plant E had a specific gravity of 1.03, penetration of 65.00 mm, softening point of 51 oC, flash point of 239.00 oC, peak marshall stability of 18.26 kN, flow of 3.67 mm and voids in total mixture peak value of 4.99 % and these were adjudged the best in conformance with the FMWH specifications. Adequate monitoring of HMA quality for either binder or wearing courses by carrying out quality control and assurance tests is thereby recommended as it affects pavement durability and performance
Evaluation of Cow Bone Ash (CBA) as Additives in Stabilization of Lateritic and Termitaria Soil
(American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 2021) Ariyo, Adanikin; Ajayi, Joseph; Busari, Ayobami; Fakorede, Ebenezer; Fase, Temidayo
Continual pavement distresses on Nigerian highways, as well as environmental contamination from abattoir solid wastes such cow-bones have been a major concern. This study examined the usage of additives in stabilizing weak soils and enhancing their geotechnical properties utilizing Cow Bone Ash (CBA) on lateritic and termitaria soils. The following engineering confirmatory tests were carried out on the samples: compaction test, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) test. CBA at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% were added to the soil samples. The study revealed that for lateritic and termitaria soils, the maximum amount of CBA that would allow for an increase in soaked CBR value was at 6% and 8%, respectively, while for the unsoaked CBR, the peak values was obtained at 8%. Also, the addition of CBA increased the UCS of both soil samples. The addition of CBA resulted in decreasing optimum moisture content (OMC) for termitaria soils as its pore spaces are filled up by the CBA while for the lateritic soils, increase in CBA resulted in increased OMC values. Also, the addition of CBA to both soil samples resulted in an increase in maximum dry density (MDD) values. The study revealed that termitaria soils have higher strength than the lateritic soils due to higher cohesiveness within its pore structure, lower OMC, higher MDD, UCS, and CBR values. The study concludes that the use of CBA to a maximum of 8% as an additive in stabilization of lateritic and termitaria soils is effective and therefore recommends its use in light and medium trafficked roads.
Evaluation of Evapotranspiration Prediction for Cassava Crop Using Artificial Neural Network Models and Empirical Models over Cross River Basin in Nigeria
(MDPI, 2025-01-01) Eludire, Oluwadamilare Oluwasegun; Faloye, Oluwaseun Temitope; Alatise, Michael; Ajayi, Ayodele Ebenezer; Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Badmus, Tayo; Fashina, Abayomi; Adeyeri, Oluwafemi E.; Olorunfemi, Idowu Ezekiel; Ogunrinde, Akinwale T.
first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Evaluation of Evapotranspiration Prediction for Cassava Crop Using Artificial Neural Network Models and Empirical Models over Cross River Basin in Nigeria by Oluwadamilare Oluwasegun Eludire 1,2,Oluwaseun Temitope Faloye 3,4,*ORCID,Michael Alatise 2,Ayodele Ebenezer Ajayi 2,4,5,Philip Oguntunde 2,Tayo Badmus 1,Abayomi Fashina 6,Oluwafemi E. Adeyeri 7,*ORCID,Idowu Ezekiel Olorunfemi 8ORCID andAkinwale T. Ogunrinde 9 1 Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Calabar, Calabar PMB 1115, Nigeria 2 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure PMB 704, Nigeria 3 Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti PMB 373, Nigeria 4 Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian Albrecht’s University zu Kiel, Hermann Rodewaldstr. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany 5 Institute for Fourth Industrial Revolution, SE Bogoro Centre, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti 360001, Nigeria 6 Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Management, Federal University, PMB 373, Oye-Ekiti 371104, Nigeria 7 School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 8 Department of Civil Engineering, Lead City University Ibadan, Ibadan 200255, Nigeria 9 Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Water 2025, 17(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010087 Submission received: 28 August 2024 / Revised: 5 October 2024 / Accepted: 8 October 2024 / Published: 1 January 2025 (This article belongs to the Section Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture) Editorial Note: Due to an editorial processing error, this article was incorrectly included within the Special Issue Crop Evapotranspiration, Crop Irrigation and Water Savings upon publication. This article was removed from this Special Issue’s webpage on 14 February 2025 but remains within the regular issue in which it was originally published. The editorial office confirms that this article adhered to MDPI's standard editorial process (https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process). Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract The accurate assessment of water availability throughout the cassava cropping season (the initial, developmental, mid-season, and late stages) is crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate change on crop production. Using the Mann–Kendall Test, we investigated the trends in rainfall and cassava crop evapotranspiration (ETc) within the Cross River basin in Nigeria. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was based on two approaches, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling and three established empirical models—the Penman–Monteith (considered the standard method), Blaney–Morin–Nigeria (BMN), and Hargreaves–Samani (HAG) models. ANN predictions were performed by using inputs from BMN and HAG parameters, denoted as BMN-ANN and HAG-ANN, respectively. The results from the ANN models were compared to those obtained from the Penman–Monteith method. Remotely sensed meteorological data spanning 39 years (1979–2017) were acquired from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) to estimate ETc, while cassava yield data were acquired from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan. The study revealed a significant upward trend in cassava crop ETc over the study period. Additionally, the ANN models outperformed the empirical models in terms of prediction accuracy. The BMN-ANN model with a Tansig activation function and a 3-3-1 architecture (number of input neurons, hidden layers, and output neurons) achieved the highest performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9890, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.000056 mm/day, and a Willmott’s index of agreement (d) of 0.9960. There is a decreasing trend in cassava yield in the region and further analysis indicated potential average daily water deficits of approximately −1.1 mm/day during the developmental stage. These deficits could potentially hinder root biomass, yield, and overall cassava yield in the Cross River basin. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of ANN modelling for irrigation planning, especially in the face of a worsening climate change scenario.
Evaluation of Four ETo Models for IITA Stations in Ibadan, Onne and Kano, Nigeria.
(Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2014) Ilesanmi, Oluwaseun A.; Oguntunde, Phillip G.; Olufayo, Ayorinde A.
Records of climatic variables (Solar radiation, Maximum and Minimum Temperature, Maximum and Minimum Relative Humidity and Wind speed) were collected from three International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Stations namely Ibadan, Kano and Onne in Nigeria. For Ibadan, a 36-year (1973 – 2008) record was obtained, for Kano, a 29-year (1980 - 2008) record was obtained and for Onne, a 31-year (1977 - 2006) record was obtained. Evapotranspiration rates for each of the stations were estimated using the FAO-56 approach. The performance of four ET models (Blaney-Morin-Nigeria (BMN), Hargreaves-Samani, Priestly-Taylor and JensenHaise models) were evaluated with reference to FAO 56 Model making use of ET estimated from these models. The BMN model was found out to be the best model that can be applied to estimate ET in each of these stations because it has a high correlation value with the values obtained from FAO56-PM model along with favourable statistic values and it requires a considerably less number of variables for its estimation with correlation (r) values of 0.7, 0.77 and 0.75 respectively for Ibadan, Onne and Kano

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