Research Articles in Mechanical Engineering

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Comparative Analysis of AISI 1050 Steel Using N5-Soluble Oil and Arachis Oil in Metal Cutting Operation
(Proceedings of the 30th AGM and International Conference of the Nigerian Institution for Mechanical Engineers. Kaduna, 2017-10) Abdulkareem, Sulaiman; Ogedengbe, Temitayo S.; Aweda, Jacob O.; Khan, Ali A.
The use of coolant during cutting processes does not only help in the improvement of surface integrity and increase in tool life, but it also facilitates the conservation of energy due to reduction in power consumed during the process. However, some of these coolants affect human health negatively, hence there is need to consider alternatives. The influence of N5- soluble oil and Arachis oil on machinability of carbon steels is reported in this paper. The performance of the use of soluble oil and Arachis oil using flooded cooling approach was investigated in with interest on their effects on temperature at cutting zone, surface roughness, chip formation and material removal rate. The experimental runs were designed using Taguchi L18 orthogonal array using Minitab version 16 and temperature at the cutting zone was monitored using a digital thermometer and a k-type thermocouple wire. Analysis of experimental results was done with focus on percentage contributions of various factors affecting surface roughness and material removal rate and chip profile. It was observed that, the use of Arachis oil as cutting fluid produced a surface finish of 35% improvement compared to soluble oil. Additionally, the chips formed using Arachis oil as coolant is more ductile and continuous than those obtained using N5soluble oil
Modelling of synthesis of waste cooking oil methyl esters by artificial neural network and response surface methodology
(International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018-01) Soji-Adekunle, Ayowumi R.; Asere, Abraham A.; Ishola, Niyi B.; Oloko- Oba, Idris M.; Betiku, Eriola
This present study was carried out to investigate the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) as modelling tools for predicting the waste cooking oil methyl esters (WCOME) yield obtained from alkali-catalysed methanolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO). The impact of process parameters involved was studied by a central composite rotatable design. A comparison of the two developed models for the methanolysis process was carried out based on pertinent statistical parameters. The calculated values of coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9950 and the average absolute deviation (AAD) of 0.4930 for the ANN model compared with R2 of 0.9843 and AAD of 0.9376 for the RSM model demonstrated that the ANN model was more accurate than the RSM model. The actual maximum WCOME yield of 94 wt% was obtained at a reaction temperature of 55°C, a catalyst amount of 1 w/v, a reaction time of 70 min and a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6:1.
Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Lafia-Obi Coal in Fluidized Bed Combustor
(Advanced Materials Research, 2013) Popoola, Olubunmi Tolulope; Asere, Abraham A.
The technology of fluidized bed coal combustion (FBC) and its advantages over conventional coal burning systems is now well established and is extensively reported in the literature. There is also some emphasis in literature about the suitability of Lafia-Obi coal in FBC. However, there is little quantitative or qualitative information on theperformance of Lafia-Obi in FBC. This paper reports a study of the combustion of monosized coal fractions fed continuously to the bed via an overbed feeder. Using appropriate ASTM standards, proximate and ultimate analyses of samples of Lafia-Obi coal were carried out and the coal was then combusted in a fluidized bed. Results showed that Lafia-Obi coal has low moisture, high volatile matter and very high fixed carbon content. The volatile matter content places Lafia-Obi in the medium volatile bituminous rank. The data obtained is useful in application of fluidized bed combustion for energy production using Lafia-Obi Coal
Comparison of the Elemental Structure and Emission Characteristics of Selected PVC and Non PVC Ceiling Materials Available in Nigerian Markets
(International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2017) Dirisu, J.O; Asere, A.A.; et, al
The recurring fire outbreak in buildings in Nigeria is quite alarming, just as the shift to the use of PVC as a choice for ceiling material due to its aesthetic appearance is on the increase. Hence this study determined the emission characteristics PVC and non-PVC samples. This was done with a view to establishing their suitability as ceiling materials in building designs for tropical countries and providing thermal and combustion data for building stakeholders that could help to checkmate man made fire disasters. This experiment involves the burning of a consistent mass, 50g of 6 samples of 3 PVC and 3 non-PVC in an open furnace where the combustion is carefully controlled. It investigates the flue gasses concentration emitted in the cause of fire outbreak and its effect on occupants. It responds to the question in mind that not only visible flame kills but also toxicity from flue gas can be detrimental to health of victims. The results showed that PVC samples are unwelcome in terms of their emission characteristics which were due to their elemental makeup of their composites such as PVC recorded highest Carbon composition of 77.9% and lowest oxygen composition of 18.0 %. VOCs are cancerous, cause dizziness, rapid heartbeat, vomiting and eventual death. Benzene, a known VOC, is used in making PVC which is a human carcinogen compound. Ceiling materials that will achieve low noxious emission and as well fire retardant should be investigated and employed for use. These materials can be improved upon to achieve environmental friendly building materials.
Study on Impact of Clinical Pharmacist’s Interventions in the Optimal Use of Oral Anticoagulants in Stroke Patients
(Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013-02) LAKSHMI, R.; JAMES, E.; KIRTHIVASAN, R.
Anticoagulants are very useful medications but can also lead to haemorrhagic as well as thromboembolic complications when not used correctly or without proper medical attention. Anticoagulant’s complex pharmacology and pharmacokinetics contribute to its narrow margin of safety. Pharmacist’s unique knowledge of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and interactions makes them well‑suited to assist patients in maintaining safe and effective anticoagulation. Successful anticoagulation therapy implies fewer incidences of therapeutic failures and bleeding complications. The anticoagulation management service staffed by clinical pharmacists is a service established to monitor and manage oral and parenteral anticoagulants. In this research work, 40 patients each were included in the intervention and the control groups. In the intervention group, patient’s knowledge score on anticoagulation increased from an average of 5.6±3.2 to 13.8±0.94 (P=0.000) after clinical pharmacist’s counselling, whereas in the control group there was no significant improvement in patient’s baseline knowledge over the knowledge score at the end of the study (8.0±1.59 vs. 8.3±2.6) (P=0.218). In the intervention group, 73.45% of the international normalised ratio test results were within the therapeutic range, 8.45% supratherapeutic and 18.5% subtherapeutic during the 6 months data collection period. The corresponding data for the control group were 53.2 (P=0.000), 18.4 (P=0.000) and 28.4% (P=0.002), respectively. Forty four adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to anticoagulants were identified in the intervention group as compared to 56 in the control group. These results revealed that the clinical pharmacist’s involvement in the anticoagulation management improved the therapeutic outcome of patients and demonstrate the benefits of clinical pharmacist guided anticoagulation clinics in India.
DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS PVC AND NON-PVC CEILING MATERIALS AVAILABLE IN NIGERIAN MARKETS
(International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), 2018-08) Oyekunle, J. A. O.; Dirisu, J. O.; Okokpujie, I. P.; Asere, A. A.
In this study, heat transfer properties of 10 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ceiling composites and 4 other non-PVC ceiling materials, such as particle board, cardboard, plywood and asbestos were determined using an automated Lee’s disc apparatus and XRY-1C bomb calorimeter. Results obtained indicated that asbestos were consistent in being inert to ignition in addition to having the lowest specific heat capacity (SHC). Polyvinyl chloride ceiling composites had advantageous thermal conductivities in comparison to the non-PVC ceiling materials. The SHCs and thermal characteristics of ceiling materials for building constructions and other applications should be appraised by manufacturers where combustion requirements are of utmost consideration.
Thermal Performance of Improved Charcoal Stove as a Clean Development Mechanism Project – A Case Sudy of Bauchi
(FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2017) Adeyemi, Kafayat; Lawal, Nasiru; Asere, Abraham
Improved cook stoves (ICS) are known to ensure efficiency in the use of traditional fuels, reduce smoke emission and associated health hazards during cooking and reduce cooking time. Another benefit of ICS is in mitigating the effects of climate change. This paper presents the thermal performance and achievable emission reductions by ICS for daily cooking in households around Bauchi. It evaluates an ICS using the International Workshop Agreement (IWA) which rates cook stoves on four indicators (Indoor emission, total emission, efficiency/fuel use and safety) each indicator is rated along five tiers (0: lowest performing to 4: highest performing).The evaluation focused on efficiency/fuel use. The benchmark values for thermal efficiency, fuel use and energy use are 35%, 0.310kg and 7928kJ respectively. This shows that the ICS offers modest improvements in fuel use and it is rated as a tier 3 ICS. A carbon savings of 0.9 x 106tCO2ecan be achieved on an annual basis assuming all rural and urban households in Bauchi employ ICS for their daily cooking.
Surface Chemistry Studies of Emission and Thermal Behaviour of Developed Composites for Building Ceiling Materials
(Research Square, 2021-05) DIRISU, JOSEPH OSEKHOGHENE; Oyedepo, Sunday; Fayomi, Ojo; Salawu, Enesi; Oyekunle, John; Asere, Abraham; Efemwenkiekie, Kelvin
The emission of harmful elements from burning building ceiling materials and their attendant health effects on inhabitants within the vicinity of the emitted harmful elements is increasingly becoming a source of concern globally. Hence, the need to develop eco-friendly flame-retardant composite materials suitable for house ceiling purposes to forestall unwanted toxic emissions. This work identified the chemical structure of developed composite products and their emission performance during combustion. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was used for phase quantification and E550 combustion gas analyzer for emission characterization of the developed composites. Thermolyne 950oC oven was employed for the combustion analysis of the prepared composite at 500oC. Quasi negligible SO2 level and CO2 exist; however, A4, 0.3Aldr0.23Cmt0.3Si0.05G0.12CS recorded maximum CO level, an indication of toxic affluence. The low mass losses of all of the composite materials, especially for A2, 0.6Aldr0.34Cmt0.05G0.01OBSretard significantly due to its activities by the retardant constituent. The flame retardant nature of all produced composite was evidenced in their elemental composition, as there was an absence of flammable element and presence of stable insulating compound providing retardance to flame occurrences. These suppressions in the flame inclination of the reinforced materials were noticed within the boundaries of the ceiling crystals from the structural examination. The intermetallic phase from the diffraction intensities showed the presence of a significant second bond interstitial solidphase across the matrix, especially for 0.6Aldr0.34Cmt0.05G0.01OBS ceiling material
Effects of Soybean Methyl Ester on the Performance Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine
(World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, 2014) Fasogbon, S. K.; Asere, A. A.
Depletion and hazardous gas emissions associated with fossil fuels have caused scientists and global attention to focus on the use of “alternative, eco-friendly substitutes for use in Compression Ignition Engines. In this work, biodiesel was produced by trans-esterification of soybean obtained from a Nigerian market using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst.” After the production, the physical properties (specific gravity to kinematic viscosity and net calorific value) of the Soybean-biodiesel produced and petrol diesel obtained from a filling station in Nigeria were determined, and these properties conform to conventional standards (ASTM). A cummins-6V-92TA DDEC diesel (Compression ignition, CI) engine was run on various biodiesel-petrol diesel blends (0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70 and 40/60), the B20 (blend 20/80) was found to be the most satisfactory.
Effects of Emission Characteristics on Elemental Composition of Selected PVC Ceiling Materials
(American Scientific Publishers : Materials Focus, 2018) Dirisu, J. O.; Oyedepo, S. O.; Fayomi, O. S. I.; Okokpujie, I. P.; Asere, A. A.; Oyekunle, J. A.; Afolalu, S. A.; Abioye, A. A.
This research work determined the emission characteristics and elemental composition of selected PVC ceiling materials common in Nigerian markets especially during service. This research work determined the emission characteristics and elemental composition of selected PVC ceiling materials common in Nigerian markets. The emission data and elemental structure gave insight to appraise their suitability as ceiling materials. Three PVC ceiling materials were used for this analysis: Nigerian made PVC, layered Composite PVC and white PVC. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) was performed to obtain the elemental structure of the ceiling materials using Ion Beam Analysis facility. 0.05 kg of the samples were combusted in a controlled fire chamber and the gasses emitted; CO, SO2, NO, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were identified using four gas analyzers. Elements were detected in total and data collected from the experiment were analyzed. Results showed that Nigerian made PVC has the highest total noxious gas among the three samples with value of 3732.5 ppm while layered composite PVC has the lowest among the PVCs with the value of 1477.5 ppm. The elemental make-ups of the samples influence their emission characteristics. The study established that PVC samples were noxious in terms of their emission characteristics due to the effects of their elemental basis.
Effect of Variation in Build-Up Parameters on Noise Reduction in Automobile Engine Silencers
(International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2012-02) Obayopo, S.O.; Oyewola, M.O.; Mojola, O.O .
The study focused on practical methods of reducing noise levels in automobile engine silencers. A comprehensive step to examine the flow pattern in relation to noise level generation, modify silencer parameters to effect noise level reduction is considered. The experimentation commenced with flow linearization process and this was followed by a design/build/test laboratory procedure to ascertain the minimum noise level achievable by varying the inlet pipe size, resonating chamber length and the orifice size of the geometric build up of the silencers. Results from experimentation shows a reduction in noise level to the tune of 13.2 dB (A) when comparison is made with the initial noise level of silencer used as the baseline level at 76.9 dB (A). The results was incorporated to generate an optimum model for the IC-engine (Volkswagen Passat Model) of 1921 cm3 engine capacity used as the test engine during the experimentation. Noise level in dB (A) were depicted on noise level-time graph.
Flame Behaviour Comparison of Building Ceiling Composite using Combustion Calorimeter
(IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021) Dirisu, J.O.; Fayomi, OSI.; Oyedepo, S.O; Oyekunle, J.A.O.; Asere, A.A; Udoye, N. E
This study determined the heat of combustion characteristics of selected building ceilings materials. The study was intending to appraise the flame affinity or retardance of building ceiling materials during combustion. Careful selection of ceiling composite was carried out in areas like Osun state, Ogun state, Lagos state, and Kaduna State. The heat of combustion was determined, having identified the heating value from the XRY-1C Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. The heat flux and heat release rates were determined from the results of the combustion experiment. Based on the data obtained from the discrete experiments, the combustion integrity of the samples was appraised. Particleboard has the highest heat of combustion of 45.666J/kg, while asbestos failed to ignite. Other Polyvinyl chlorides (PVC) left ≤ 0.0007kg of char after combustion and became deliquescent after long minutes of exposure to air. The heat release rate is highest with particleboard, 118.9219 J/s, and lowest with sample 7, 2.230 J/s. The study thus establishes that PVC is safer in terms of combustion properties compared to plant-based building ceilings. Asbestos has the overall most reliable properties, but for asbestosis, its use isn't safe for use. It is necessary to develop building ceilings with flame retardant characteristics of asbestos as an alternative to it.
Development of a bench-scale fluidized bed combustor (FBC) for coal and biomas combustion
(Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria., 2015-03) Popoola, O. T.; Adio, S. A.; Oke, A. O.; Asere, A. A.
The high technological level of equipment for combustion of fuels, as well as the necessity for rational and efficient use of non-renewable energy resources, has resulted demanding requirements that must be fulfilled by equipment for energy production, via combustion. These requirements form the characteristics of Fluidized bed Combustor (FBC). The objective of this work is to design and fabricate a Circulating FBC for the combustion of coal and biomass and present the design criteria considered in the combustion process. The Designed FBC was then tested by combusting coal (Lafia Obi) and biomass (coconut shell) using the relevant ASTM guidelines. For coal combustion, the characteristic quantities measured from the bench-scale fluidized bed combustion include a mean NOx emission of 455.35, 376.69, 323.35 and 277.35 ppm for a coal feed size of 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm respectively. NOx emission from the combustion of coconut shell in fluidized bed is low and further reduced by the introduction of secondary air. Secondary air increases the recoverable energy level from this biomass, while average CO emission was 13,080 16,620 17,040 and 19,140 ppm for a coal feed size of 10, 15, 20 and 25mm. The temperature in the fluidized bed at ≥ 1100oC was sustained.
Co-pyrolysis of cassava peel with synthetic polymers: thermal and kinetic behaviors
(Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy, 2021-06-24) Adeboye, B.S.; Adewole, B. Z.; Adedoja, A. M.; Obayopo, S. O.; Mamuru, S. A.; Idris, M. O.; Okediran, I. K.; Asere, A. A.
This research effort focuses on the co-pyrolysis of cassava peels waste and some synthetic polymers towards energy conversion and reducing the volume of these waste fractions dumped on dumpsites. The co-pyrolysis behavior and pyrolysis kinetics of various synthetic polymer wastes/cassava peel blends were investigated by blending cassava peel waste with low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS) at different weight ratios. The physical characteristics of each sample were investigated and the co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from room temperature to 800 °C in N2 atmosphere in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Subsequent to thermal decomposition, kinetic analysis was done using the thermogravimetric data. Results from physicochemical characterization showed that cassava peel has a relatively lower calorific value of 15.92 MJ/kg compared with polystyrene (41.1 MJ/kg), low-density polyethylene (42.6 MJ/kg), and polyethylene terephthalate (21.1 MJ/kg). The thermal decomposition behavior of cassava peel was seen to be significantly different from those of the synthetic polymers. The decomposition of the biomass material such as cassava peel generally occurs in two stages while the decomposition of LDPE, PS, and PET occurred in a single stage. The activation energy required for thermal degradation in cassava peel was also found to be lower to that of the plastic material. The co-pyrolysis of cassava peel and different synthetic polymers affected the thermal and kinetic behaviors of the blends, reduce the activation energy and residue after pyrolysis.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING: AN APPLICATION TO CORROSION IN A PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
(National Mathematical Centre Abuja, Nigeria, 2016) Oyelami, Benjamin Oyediran; Asere, Abraham A
Mathematical modeling is richly endowed with many analytic computational techniques for analyzing real life situations. Recent reports have confirmed that several billon dollars were lost to corrosion, in addition to environmental pollution and economic wastage in cleaning up the environmental mess caused by corrosion. This paper considers application of mathematical modeling to corrosion problems. It uses the mathematical modeling techniques to forecast the life expectancy of industrial equipment in the refinery, petroleum reservoirs and gas pipelines= distribution. The models considered in this direction are the heat-mass transfer equation, Zhim-Hoffman=s equation, equations arising from electrolysis and finally gas pipeline distribution.
A Comparative Performance and Emission Analysis of Blended Groundnut Oil and Mineral Oil Based Lubricants Using a Spark Ignition Engine
(The CIGR E journal Manuscript, 2008-09) Ejilah, I. R; Asere, A. A.
This paper presents the performance and emission behaviour of a spark ignition engine run on groundnut oil blended lubricants. However, for the purpose of comparism, benchmark tests were carried out on multigrade and monograde motor oils. A 5.0 h.p engine test-bed incorporated with an A.C dynamometer and flue gas analyzer was used to conduct the tests. At maximum engine speed, the groundnut oil blended lubricants generated an exhaust temperature of 6.02% higher than multigrade oil, and 6.26% higher than monograde oil. The brake power was 12.70% and 10.94% higher than the monograde and multigrade oils. In terms of fuel economy, the monograde and groundnut oil blended lubricants are 7.50% and 2.18% higher than multigrade oil respectively. It is shown that as the proportion of viscosity modifier in the oil sample increases, exhaust temperature, brake power, brake mean effective pressure (b.m.ep) also increases, while the specific fuel consumption diminishes. At various speeds, CO2 level emitted by the use of groundnut oil blended lubricants was observed to be higher than it was the case for multigrade and monograde oils. In the light of the fast depleting fossil fuel reserve in Nigeria, this work has demonstrated the feasibility of using groundnut oil blends as lubricant substitutes in spark ignition engines.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (WATER-COVER SURFACE) ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A COMPACT HEMISPHERICAL SOLAR STILL
(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka : Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 2020-07) Adewole, B. Z.; Arabambi, A. E.; Asere, A. A.
The study investigated the influence of temperature difference (ΔT) between evaporative and condensing surface temperature on water productivity of hemispherical solar still. The still was developed, tested and evaluated under the climatic conditions of Ile-Ife, Nigeria, to obtain an average distillate yield per hour per day for different combination of basin temperature, water temperature, transparent cover temperature, ambient temperature and solar intensity. Results indicated a decrease in the hourly water yield as (ΔT) increases. Regression analysis revealed that ΔT has no significant influence on the hourly water yield (P > 0.05). Maximum water productivity was obtained for a low condensing surface temperature and a high evaporative surface temperature. The study concluded that the improvement on water productivity of solar still can be achieved by enhancing the evaporative and condensing surface temperature. Methods for obtaining higher evaporating temperature should be sought in order to boost water productivity of solar stills.
ENERGY OUTPUT ASSESSMENT OF LAFIA-OBI COAL IN A FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTOR
(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka : Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 2018-10) Ilyas, E. O; Adewole, B. Z.; Adio, S. A.; Popoola, O. T.; Asere, A. A.
This work investigated the energy output from the fluidized bed combustion of Lafia-Obi coal using five range of fuel equivalent diameters (FED) of 125 μm, 250 μm, 355 μm, 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm. Energy output in response to variation in bed temperature, FED, bed pressure, and fluidizing velocity was examined in the fluidized bed heat exchanger. Results indicated an increase in heat transfer rate by 80, 11 and 25% when 5 mm coal was reduced to 355, 250 and 150 μm respectively. Bed temperature increased by 8% for 355 μm and decreased by 6% when 5.0 mm coal was fired. Higher bed pressure was observed when larger particle sizes (5.0 and 2.5 mm) were fired. This resulted in poor bed temperature and increasing fluidization velocity and thus, reduced steam discharge temperature at the heat exchanger outlet.
A Comparative Performance and Emission Analysis of Blended Groundnut Oil and Mineral Oil Based Lubricants Using a Spark Ignition Engine.
(Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR E journal Manuscript EE 07017., 2008-09) Ejilah, I. R; Asere, A. A.
This paper presents the performance and emission behaviour of a spark ignition engine run on groundnut oil blended lubricants. However, for the purpose of comparism, benchmark tests were carried out on multigrade and monograde motor oils. A 5.0 h.p engine test-bed incorporated with an A.C dynamometer and flue gas analyzer was used to conduct the tests. At maximum engine speed, the groundnut oil blended lubricants generated an exhaust temperature of 6.02% higher than multigrade oil, and 6.26% higher than monograde oil. The brake power was 12.70% and 10.94% higher than the monograde and multigrade oils. In terms of fuel economy, the monograde and groundnut oil blended lubricants are 7.50% and 2.18% higher than multigrade oil respectively. It is shown that as the proportion of viscosity modifier in the oil sample increases, exhaust temperature, brake power, brake mean effective pressure (b.m.e.p) also increases, while the specific fuel consumption diminishes. At various speeds, CO2 level emitted by the use of groundnut oil blended lubricants was observed to be higher than it was the case for multigrade and monograde oils. In the light of the fast depleting fossil fuel reserve in Nigeria, this work has demonstrated the feasibility of using groundnut oil blends as lubricant substitutes in spark ignition engines.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION OF COMBUSTION: THE MODELING OF COAL COMBUSTIONa
(National Mathematical Centre Abuja, 2015) Asere, Abraham A.

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