Basic and Applied Sciences

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3-D Seismic Interpretation and Volumetric Estimation of “Osaja Field” Niger Delta, Nigeria
(International Letters of Natural Sciences, 2016) Lawson-Jack, Osaki; Iheanyichukwu, Opara A.; Njoku, Okereke C.; Petters, Adiela U.; Onyema, Njoku I.; Terhemba, Emberga T.; Ndidiamaka, Eluwa
3-D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of the Osaja Field, Niger Delta, was carried out with aim of carrying out a detailed structural interpretation, reservoir characterization and volumetric estimation of the field. Four wells were correlated across the field to delineate the lithology and establish the continuity of reservoir sand as well as the general stratigraphy of the area. The petrophysical analysis carried out, revealed two sand units that are hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs (Sand_A and Sand_B).The spatial variation of the reservoirs were studied on a field wide scale using seismic interpretation. Time and depth structural maps generated were used to establish the structural architecture/geometry of the prospect area of the field. The depth structure map revealed NE-SW trending anticlinal structures with F5 and F6 as faults assisted closures to the reservoir. Furthermore, reservoir parameters such as net pay, water saturation porosity, net-to-gross etc, were derived from the integration of seismic and well log data. The structural interpretation on the 3-D seismic data of the study area revealed a total of seven faults ranging from synthetic to antithetic faults. The petrophysical analysis gave the porosity values of the reservoir Sand_A ranging from 18.1 - 20.3% and reservoir Sand_B ranging from 13.1-14.9% across the reservoir. The permeability values of reservoir Sand_A ranging from 63-540md and reservoir Sand_B ranging from 18-80md hence there is decrease in porosity and permeability of the field with depth.The net-to-gross varies from 22.1% to 22.4% in Rerservoir Sand A to between 5.34- 12% for Rerservoir Sand _A while Sw values for the reservoirs ranges from 38-42% in well 2 to about 68.79-96.06% in well 11. The result of original oil in place for all the wells calculated revealed that well 2 has the highest value with 9.3mmbls. These results indicate that the reservoirs under consideration have a poor to fair hydrocarbon (oil) prospect.
3D Geomechanical reservoir model for Appraisal and Development of Emi-003 field In Niger Delta, Nigeria
(Ajast, 2018-12) Lawson-Jack, Osaki; Uko, Etim D.; Opara, Alex
In this paper, geomechanical parameters were effectively integrated in 3-D geostatic model of Emi-003 reservoir in the Niger Delta basin, Nigeria for deformability and rock strength appraisal using well logs and 3D seismic volume. Unconsolidated sandstone and compacted shale were delineated and evaluated by determined elastic moduli (Poisson ratio, Young modulus, Bulk modulus, Shear modulus and Compressibility) and the Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) using sonic logs and petrophysical analysis, correlations and cross plots for comparison of the evaluated reservoir strength, physical properties (such as modulus, porosity, velocity) of the five mapped zones from five vertical wells in the studied reservoir for validation were done. Finally, incorporation of elastic properties, unconfined compressive strength in 3D static model of the studied reservoir was carried out to capture strong lateral variance of rock elastic moduli and strength into areas where well control may not exist. especially off the well points. The results show average parameters of the weakly cemented sand to have lower Poisson ratio, Young, Bulk, Shear modulus and Unconfined compressive strength (0.27, 2.3GPa, 10.8GPa, 6.91GPa, 14.21MPa respectively,) high compressibility and porosity (0.13 GPa-1, 0.26) conversely the compacted shale have higher Poisson ratio, Young, Bulk, Shear modulus and rock strength as (0.36, 8.91GPa, 18.05GPa, 21.09GPa, 56.44MPa respectively) lower compressibility and porosity (0.05 GPa-1, 0.05 respectively). There is a marked increase of rock strength and elastic moduli with relative decrease in porosity. The mechanical failure in the NNW direction of the reservoir will be relatively lower than other areas as analyse using the 3D earth model. The information gathered will help manage reservoir stress and strain induced during development and maximize reservoir performance, while mitigating risk.
Academia-industry interactions in Nigeria pharmaceutical innovation system
(Elsevier, 2012-01-01) Siyanbola, W. O.; Oladipo, O. G.; Oyewole, A. A.; Famurewa, Akindele J.; Ogundari, I. O.
This study examined the types, nature and intensity of academia-industry interactions in Nigeria’s pharmaceutical innovation system. Eight (8) top-ranked universities offering Pharmacy as a course of study, 2 Pharmaceutical Research Institutes and 25 pharmaceutical firms were sampled for the study. Interactions are predominantly in the form of knowledge flow and consultancy, staff exchange/fellowship programmes as well as sponsored workshop participations. Intensity of interactions is limited as only 20% of pharmaceutical researchers from Universities and 7% from Research Institutes had strong interactions with Pharmaceutical firms, while only 4 firms have strong interactions with the researchers.
Acenaphthene biodegradation and structural and functional metagenomics of the microbial community of an acenaphthene-enriched animal charcoal polluted soil
(Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2021-02) Salam, Lateef B.; Obayori, Oluwafemi S.; Ilori, Mathew O.; Amund, Olukayode O.
Animal charcoal from skin and hides cottage industries indiscriminately disposed in run offs and drainage channels harbors hazardous constituents that are mutagenic and toxic, and thus require bio-based ecofriendly depuration strategies. A microbial consortium (FN7) from an animal charcoal polluted site enriched with acenaphthene was structurally and functionally characterized via illumina next generation sequencing and annotation of their putative ORFs, and also studied for ability to degrade acenaphthene. Structurally, FN7 metagenome consists of 7 phyla, 13 classes, 38 orders, 49 families, 67 genera, 68 species, and 45 strains, respectively. The dominant phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and strain in the metagenome are Proteobacteria (48.9%), Actinobacteria (31.8%), Actinomycetales (28.0%), Enterobacteriaceae (18.9%), Paracoccus (12.9%), Bacillus cereus group (13.5%), and Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831 (22.4%). The microbial consortium in the metagenome degraded 59.68% (29.84 mg l−1) and 89.16% (44.58 mg l−1) of the initial concentration of acenaphthene (50 mg l−1) in 14 and 21 days. Functional annotation of the putative ORFs of the metagenome using KEGG KofamKOALA, NCBI's conserved domain database, BacMet, and Antibiotic Resistance Gene-ANNOTation (ARG-ANNOT) revealed the detection of hydrocarbon-degradation genes including salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase and catechol 1,2 dioxygenase involved in acenaphthene degradation, resistance genes for mercury, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and several others, and antibiotic resistance genes for 15 antibiotic classes such as β-lactam, colistin, aminoglycoside, among others. This study revealed that members of FN7 metagenome are equipped with requisite gene batteries and could be veritable bioresources for in vitro biodegradation as well as on-site bioremediation of animal charcoal polluted sites.
Acute administration of co-artesiane induces oxidative stress in the testes of adult male Wistar rats
(Bioscience Research Communications, 2010) Tijani, Abiola S.; Ukwenya, Victor O.; Sodunke, Grace A.; Fakunle, Julius B.
Co-artesiane is an artemether-lumefantrine combination therapy that is used in the treatment of malaria. In this work we studied the toxicological effect of this drug with reference to seminal and biochemical parameters of the male reproductive system of wistar rats. Twenty (20) adult male rats were divided into four groups of five rats per group. Group A was administered a single dose (4 mg/kg/bw) of Co-artesiane, Group B was administered double dose (8 mg/kg/bw) of Co-artesiane and Group C received 10 mg/kg/bw of the drug for a period of 3 days. Group D served as control and received physiologic saline. In each group body weight, testicular weight, sperm count, motility and viability as well as oxidative stress status were assessed by evaluating the activities of reduced glutathione, Glutathione S-transferase, catalase, super oxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The mean sperm count, motility and viability in rats treated with Co-artesiane were reduced when compared with controls. Biochemical analyses showed increase in the activities of oxidative stress markers in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that the graded dose of Co-artesiane® elicit depletion of antioxidant defense system and induced oxidative stress in the rats.
Acute Toxicity and Lethality of Gladiolous psittacinus
(IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2017-04-30) Moshood, Abdullah Ishaq; Ola-Mudathir, Fausat Kikelomo; Efere, Martins Obuotor; Abdulrahim, Marufat Iyaboale; Wasiu, Idris Adegbite
The use of Gladiolouspsittacinusplant in traditional medicine is drastically increasing across the country Nigeria. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the safety level of G. psittacinus using acute toxicity test (determination of median Lethal Dose; LD50) and the Brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). Histopathological analysis of the liver of rats orally administered with different dosages of G. psittacinus (1600, 2800 and 5000 mg/kg body weight) was also conducted. Results revealed amedian lethal dose (LD50) of the aqueous extract of G. psitticanus as 2116.60 mg/kg body weight. Similarly, the lethality concentration (LC50) of methanolic extract of G. psitticanus (16.950μg/ml) was higher than the test standard, K2Cr2O7 (5.653 μg/ml). The degree of lethality was also observed to be directly proportional to the concentration of the extracts. Histological studies also revealed that oral administration of G. psittacinus at 1600, 2800 and 5000 mg/kg body weight has the potential to cause some damages on the liver cells. Although G. psittacinus is a potential ethnomedicinal plant, its oral consumption is slightly toxic.
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach for the irreversibility analysis of a domestic refrigerator system using LPG/TiO2 nanolubricant
(Energy Reports, 2020-05-28) Gill, Jatinder; Singh, Jagdev; Ohunakin, Olayinka S.; Adelekan, Damola S.; Atiba, Opemipo E.; Nkiko, Mojisola O.; Atayero, Aderemi A.
This work presents an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) artificial intelligence methodology of predicting the 2nd law efficiency and total irreversibility of a refrigeration system running on LPG/TiO2–nano-refrigerants. For this purpose, substractive clustering and grid partition approaches were utilized to train the ANFIS models required in estimating the 2nd law efficiency and total irreversibility using some experimental data. Furthermore, predictions of ANFIS models with subtractive clustering approach was found to be more accurate than ANFIS models predictions with grid partition approach. The predictions of ANFIS models with subtractive clustering approach were also compared with experimental results that were not included in the model training and predictions of already existing ANN models of authors previous publication. The comparison of variance, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were 0.996–0.999, 0.0296–0.1726 W and 0.108–0.176 % marginal variability values. These results indicate that the ANFIS model with subtractive clustering approach having cluster radii 0.7 and 0.5 can predict the 2nd law efficiency and total irreversibility respectively, with higher accuracy than authors’ previous publication ANN models.
Adoption Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Malachite Green Onto Chitosan / Sodium Citrate Beads
(Ife Journal of Science, 2013) Bamgbose, Janet; Bamigbade, A.A.; Nkiko, Mojisola O.
The Adoption of E-Tourism: An Empirical Investigation
(Asian Journal of lnformation Technology, 2016) Eweoya, Ibukun; Okuboyejo, Senanu R.; Agomuo, Kelechi
Man's desire to discover more, enjoy more and acquire more is an llllquenchable thirst which gives relevance to tourism. The act of food-searching, safety and environmental-friendliness search in animals is naturally consistent; this is applicable to humans too and it boosts tourism which involves Customer Reservation Services (CRS), hospitality, airline reservation, car hire reservation and others. E-tourism is a revolution from traditional way of physically present in multiple locations to plan a tour, to achieving numerous tour planning tasks with maximwn convenience using ICT. This research is a smvey research, it investigates the acceptance and adoption of e-tourism in Nigeria, adopting the UTAUT/UTAUT2 model and analyzed the gathered data from the questionnaires using Smart PLS 3 to confirm the reliability and validity of the measurement instruments.
Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies of methylene blue dye removal using Raphia taedigera seed activated carbon
(Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, 2020-04-30) Olasehinde, Emmanuel F.; Abegunde, Segun M.; Adebayo, Matthew A.
This present work revealed the isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic behaviour of methylene blue (MB) dye adsorbed onto acidic activated carbon (AAC) and base activated carbon (BAC) prepared from Raphia taedigera seed by carbonization and chemical activation. AAC and BAC were activated with sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide respectively. Batch equilibrium studies were done under different experimental conditions such as MB dye concentration and temperature. The equilibrium data were modelled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm model best describes the uptake of MB dye onto AAC and BAC with R 2 > 0.998 in all cases. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equations were used to evaluate the kinetic properties. It was observed that the adsorption of MB dye onto the two activated carbons could best be described by the pseudo-second order equation with 0.999 < R 2 ≤ 1. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG0 ), standard enthalpy (ΔH0 ), standard entropy (ΔS0 ), and activation energy (Ea) were determined. The results of ΔG0 indicated a spontaneous and feasible for AAC and non-spontaneous but feasible for BAC. Results of ΔH0 confirmed that the adsorption of MB onto AAC and BAC are endothermic and physical in nature. It can be concluded that AAC and BAC prepared from Raphia taedigera seed could be used as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MB dye from the wastewater.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Acid Modified Raphia Taedigera Seed Activated Carbon
(Advanced Journal of Chemistry, 2020-04-19) Olasehinde, Emmanuel Folorunso; Abegunde, Segun Michael
In this work, the possibility of using Raphia taedigera seed as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions was investigated. The activated carbon was prepared by carbonization and chemical treatment of the seed with sulphuric acid to produce acidmodified Raphia taedigera seed activated carbon (RTAC). The surface morphology and bond arrangement of the RTAC were evaluated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The SEM analysis results revealed that the prepared adsorbent had aggregated and rough surface structure with pores and FTIR revealed the presence of several functional groups such as –C=O, –OH, –C=C–, –N=O and –C=N–. The adsorption efficiency of the RTAC for the removal of the MB dye was assessed under different experimental conditions including, contact time, temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, and dye initial concentration. The results gave the performances of 99.611% after 15 min, 99.635% at 303 K, 99.894% at pH 9, 99.256% with 0.9 g, and 99.743% for 40 mg/L for evaluating the effect of the contact time, temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, and dye solutions initial concentration, respectively. The adsorption of the MB dye onto the RTAC conformed to Langmuir isotherm and fit best to pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies indicated a spontaneous, endothermic, feasible, and physisorption nature of the RTAC and MB dye interactions. The present study found the acid-modified Raphia taedigera seed activated carbon to be a promising low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solution.
Aerobic Degradation of Di- and Trichlorobenzenes by Two Bacteria isolated from Polluted Tropical Soils.
(Pergamon, 2007-01-01) Adebusoye, Sunday A.; Picardal, Flynn W.; Ilori, Matthew O.; Amund, Olukayode O.; Fuqua, Clay; Grindle, Nathan
Two polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)-degrading bacteria were isolated by traditional enrichment technique from electrical transformer fluid (Askarel)-contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria. They were classified and identified as Enterobacter sp. SA-2 and Pseudomonas sp. SA-6 on the basis of 16S rRNA gene analysis, in addition to standard cultural and biochemical techniques. The strains were able to grow extensively on dichloro- and trichlorobenzenes. Although they failed to grow on tetrachlorobenzenes, monochloro- and dichlorobenzoic acids, they were able to utilize all monochlorobiphenyls, and some dichlorobiphenyls as sole sources of carbon and energy. The effect of incubation with axenic cultures on the degradation of 0.9 mM 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 0.44 mM 1,2,3- and 0.43 mM 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in mineral salts medium was studied. Approximately, 80–90% of these xenobiotics were degraded in 200 h, concomitant with cell increase of up to three orders of magnitude, while generation times ranged significantly (P < 0.05) from 17–32 h. Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities were detected in crude cell-free extracts of cultures pre-grown with benzoate, with the latter enzyme exhibiting a slightly higher activity (0.15–0.17 lmol min1 mg of protein1) with catechol, suggesting that the meta-cleavage pathway is the most readily available catabolic route in the SA strains. The wider substrate specificity of these tropical isolates may help in assessing natural detoxification processes and in designing bioremediation and bioaugmentation methods.
Aerobic Degradation of Naphthalene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene and Chrysene Using Indigenous Strains of Bacteria Isolated from a former Industrial Site
(SENRA Academic Publishers, British Columbia, 2013) Nwinyi, Obinna C.; Picardal, Flynn W; An, Thuy T; Amund, Olukayode O.
Four bacterial strains were isolated from a former industrial site contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants for decades. The isolation was done using naphthalene as sole source of carbon and energy during the enrichment. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses of the four isolates (OC1, OC2, OC3, and OC4) assigned the strains to the genus, Enterobacter (OC1) and Pseudomonas (OC2, OC3, and OC4). The degradation and growth behavior of the four isolates was investigated on naphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene. All the strains utilized naphthalene, fluoranthene, chrysene but pyrene partially, as sole sources of carbon and energy. The time course studies using relative concentration > 100ppm, >115ppm, > 89ppm and > 12 ppm for naphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene respectively, resulted in rapid exponential increases in cell numbers and concomitant disappearance of the test substrates. Naphthalene was degraded between the range of 25 % and 99%, while chrysene degradation ranged between of 35 and 69%, pyrene 4 - 21% and fluoranthene 7 -19 %. Our results suggest that contaminated, former industrial sites contain a capable microbial community that may be used for bioremediation of the site.
AGENT-BASED CONTEXT-AWARE HEALTHCARE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL USING DROPT APPROACH
(IJIR International Science Press, 2012-12) Agbele, Kehinde K.; Adesina, Ademola; Daniel, Ekong; Dele, Seluwa
As the volume of information available on the Web information systems is growing continuously, browsing this content becomes a tedious task given the presentation of data that does meet user's aims and needs. In this paper, to satisfy user needs, an agent-based paradigm is an appropriate solution which gives outputs suitable to the user in the form of highly ranked documents. Conversely, patient care and a health condition commonly require collaboration between healthcare providers. The emergence of agent's technology motivates radical changes of how information is obtained. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a novel DROPT (Document Ranking OPTimization) measure for information retrieval results to validate the effectiveness of the information management tasks. We propose information retrieval system architecture, which main components are contextaware agent’s technology to meet users' information needs.
Air microflora study of selected offices In Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin
(ABSTRACTS OF THE 2019 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, AUGUST 25-28 2019, UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS, 2019-10) Osuolale, O.; Ekpemiata, E.; Odiwe, A.
Introduction Indoor environments are factors that do impact health. Air quality of indoor environments is a main factor affecting human health, well-being and productivity. A main problem of indoor air quality which people hardly pay attention to is the effect of the presence of diseases causing microorganisms. Methods: The indoor air microflora of 40 staff’s office in Elizade University was studied taking into consideration the number of occupants in the offices, gender, age, the number of windows, temperature, relative humidity and pressure, to know the microbial load and the type of organisms present. Isolation of microbes was done using the settle plate method, using Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacterial isolation and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) for fungal isolation. The NA and SDA agar plates were incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours for bacteria and 25 ° C for 3 days for fungi. Results: Bacterial counts ranged from 12 cfu/m 3 – Numerous and fungal counts ranged from 1 cfu/m 3 – Numerous. Bacterial isolates were purified from the nutrient agar and further identification of bacteria was done by coagulase test, catalase test and gram staining. While for fungal identification, lactophenol test was done. The CDC MicrobeNet was used to confirm the isolates. The bacteria identified found were Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Micrococcus spp., Rhodotorula spp. and Streptococcus spp., while for fungi Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Rhodotorula spp. were identified. Conclusion: While it is generally known that indoor microorganism can be potentially a health hazard, there is no agreed upon level of airborne organism that signifies contamination for indoors and no health-based guidelines exist. In absence of guidelines it is recommended that more indoor study need to be done to understand the dynamics of airborne organisms in Nigeria from which health-based guidelines can be developed.
Algorithm for information retrieval optimization
(IEEE, 2016-10-13) Agbele, Kehinde K.; Ayetiran, Eniafe F.; Aruleba, Kehinde D.; Ekong, Daniel O.
When using Information Retrieval (IR) systems, users often present search queries made of ad-hoc keywords. It is then up to the information retrieval systems (IRS) to obtain a precise representation of the user's information need and the context (preferences) of the information. To address this problem, we investigate optimization of IRS to individual information needs in order of relevance. The goal of this article is to develop algorithms that optimize the ranking of documents retrieved from IRS according to user search context. In particular, the ranking task that led the user to engage in information-seeking behaviour during search tasks. This article discusses and describes a Document Ranking Optimization (DROPT) algorithm for IR in an Internet-based or designated databases environment. Conversely, as the volume of information available online and in designated databases is growing continuously, ranking algorithms can play a major role in the context of search results. In this article, a DROPT technique for documents retrieved from a corpus is developed with respect to document index keywords and the query vectors. This is based on calculating the weight (w ij ) of keywords in the document index vector, calculated as a function of the frequency of a keyword k j across a document. The purpose of the DROPT technique is to reflect how human users can judge the context changes in IR result rankings according to information relevance. This article shows that it is possible for the DROPT technique to overcome some of the limitations of existing traditional (tf × idf) algorithms via adaptation. The empirical evaluation using metrics measures on the DROPT technique carried out through human user interaction shows improvement over the traditional relevance feedback technique to demonstrate improving IR effectiveness.
Alkaline extracted cyanide from cassava wastewater and its sole induction of chromosomal aberrations on Allium cepa L. root tips
(Taylor and Francis Online : Environmental Technology, 2021-04) Ogunyemi, Adewale; Abayomi, Akeem A.; Opawale, Rachael O.; Samuel, Titilola A.; Ilori, Matthew O.; Amund, Olukayode O.; Babajide, Alo
Cassava, a staple crop in Nigeria, processed by numerous factories in rural and sub-urban locations is known to contain some level of cyano compounds. Lack of stringent environmental regulations on management of cassava wastewater (CWW) from cassava processing factories had led to its indiscriminate discharge on the environment. CWW samples were obtained from cassava processing factories from selected states (Lagos (A), Oyo (B), Ogun 1 (C1), Ogun 2 (C2) and Cross River (D)) in Nigeria to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of extracted cyanide from the wastewaters. The cyanide was hydrolyzed via chemical degradation utilizing 1.25 M NaOH and subsequently titrated using silver nitrate with p-dimethylaminobenzalrhodamine as indicator. Further, in order to explore the potential toxicity of this pollutant present in the effluent, a battery of short-term biological assay (Allium cepa chromosomal aberration test) was used. Bulbs with roots of Allium cepa L. were treated with different concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8%) of CWW, and after 48 h the root tips were processed for cytological studies by the aceto-orcein squash procedure. The results revealed that cyanide concentrations on re-fluxing were in the range of 1.0 mg/L and 1.3 mg/L. All concentrations induced a number of chromosomal aberrations in the root tip cells. The mitotic index decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing concentration. The cytotoxic effects showed strong concentration dependent root growth inhibition with EC50 values of 30, 20, 37, 43 and 22 % for A, B, C1, C2 and D, after 72 h. The findings thus indicate that alkali treatment is very efficient in degrading the cyanide content of CWW and has shown that the combination of physico-chemical analysis along with the sole toxicity assessment could provide valuable information about the sole toxicity of cyanide as a chemical pollutant present in the cassava effluent.
Alkaloid extracts from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) inhibit phosphodiesterase‐5, arginase activities and oxidative stress in rats penile tissue
(Wiley, 2019-04-11) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Famurewa, Akindele J.; Jaiyeoba, Oluwademilade A.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Agbebi, Oluwaseun J.
The erectogenic potential of alkaloids extracted from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amyg‐ dalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) was investigated in this study. Fresh leaves obtained from Bitter leaf and Black night shade were air‐dried, pulverized, and extracted for alkaloids. The inhibitory potential of the alkaloid extracts on arginase and phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5) activities in rats penile tissue was determined in vitro. The antioxidant properties were also evaluated and the constituent alkaloids quantified using GC‐MS. The alkaloid extracts inhibited arginase (0–30.51 μg/ml) and PDE‐5 (0–133.69 μg/ml) activities in a concentration‐dependent pattern. Similarly, the alkaloid extracts inhibited Fe2+‐induced lipid peroxidation in rats penile tissues, scavenged DPPH, OH, and NO radicals as a function of concentration. GC‐MS char‐ acterization revealed over 20 alkaloid compounds. The inhibition of PDE‐5‐, argin‐ ase‐, pro‐oxidant‐induced lipid peroxidative‐, and free radicals‐scavenging activities by the alkaloids is suggestive of putative mechanisms underlying their therapeutic use for managing erectile dysfunction in folklore medicine. Practical applications Alkaloids extracted from Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) were characterized and investigated by standard procedures for inhibi‐ tory action against key erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes and antioxidant activity. The alkaloids inhibited erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes (arginase and PDE‐5) and showed considerable antioxidant activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. In view of this, we suggest the application of these results in the development of erec‐ tile dysfunction drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, with probable minimal or no adverse effect.
Alkaloid extracts from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) inhibit phosphodiesterase‐5, arginase activities and oxidative stress in rats penile tissue
(Wiley, 2019-04-11) Omojokun, Olasunkanmi S.; Famurewa, Akindele J.; Jaiyeoba, Oluwademilade A.; Oboh, Ganiyu; Agbebi, Oluwaseun J.
The erectogenic potential of alkaloids extracted from Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) was investigated in this study. Fresh leaves obtained from Bitter leaf and Black night shade were air‐dried, pulverized, and extracted for alkaloids. The inhibitory potential of the alkaloid extracts on arginase and phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5) activities in rats penile tissue was determined in vitro. The antioxidant properties were also evaluated and the constituent alkaloids quantified using GC‐MS. The alkaloid extracts inhibited arginase (0–30.51 μg/ml) and PDE‐5 (0–133.69 μg/ml) activities in a concentration‐dependent pattern. Similarly, the alkaloid extracts inhibited Fe2+‐induced lipid peroxidation in rats penile tissues, scavenged DPPH, OH, and NO radicals as a function of concentration. GC‐MS characterization revealed over 20 alkaloid compounds. The inhibition of PDE‐5‐, arginase‐, pro‐oxidant‐induced lipid peroxidative‐, and free radicals‐scavenging activities by the alkaloids is suggestive of putative mechanisms underlying their therapeutic use for managing erectile dysfunction in folklore medicine. Practical applications Alkaloids extracted from Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) were characterized and investigated by standard procedures for inhibitory action against key erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes and antioxidant activity. The alkaloids inhibited erectile dysfunction‐linked enzymes (arginase and PDE‐5) and showed considerable antioxidant activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. In view of this, we suggest the application of these results in the development of erectile dysfunction drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, with probable minimal or no adverse effect.
Alterations of Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinergic and antioxidant enzymes activity by protocatechuic acid in cadmium-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Wistar rats
(Elsevier, 2016-07-13) Adefegha, Stephen A.; Oboha, Ganiyu; Omojokuna, Olasunkanmi S.; Adefegha, Omowunmi M.
Background: This study assessed the possible protective mechanisms of protocatechuic acid (PCA) against cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats. Methods: Male wistar strain rats weighing between 150–160 g were purchased and acclimatized for two weeks. The rats were divided into seven groups of seven each; NC group received normal saline, CAD group received 6 mg/kg of Cd-solution, CAD + PSG group received Cd-solution and prostigmine (5 mg/kg), CAD + PCA-10 and CAD + PCA-20 groups received Cd-solution and PCA (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) respectively, PCA-10 and PCA-20 groups received 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg PCA each. Animals were administered normal saline, Cd and PCA daily by oral gavage for 21 days. After which the animals were sacrificed, the brain excised, homogenized and centrifuged. The activities of enzymes (Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinesterases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and levels of oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione) linked to neurodegeneration were subsequently assessed. Results: Significant (p < 0.05) alterations in the enzyme activities and levels of oxidative stress markers were observed in CAD group when compared to the NC group. However, the activities of the enzymes were reversed in CAD + PSG and CAD + PCA groups. Conclusions: PCA may protect against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity by altering the activities of Na+/K+- ATPase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

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