Research Articles in History and International Relations
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item SOCIAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT AND WOMEN INCLUSION IN PEACE-BUILDING: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 IN NIGERIA AND GHANA.(Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies, 2024-06-02) FAJIMBOLA, JOSHUA OLATUNDE; IMUEBE, BRAIMAH FREDERICK; ESHOFONIE, DUWONI INCREASEStudies have shown that women made significant contributions to conflict resolution and prevention, peace negotiations, peacebuilding, peacekeeping, humanitarian aid, and post-war reconstruction. This research centers on Social-Cultural Environment and Women inclusion in Peace-Building: The Implementation of UN Security Resolution 1325 in Nigeria and Ghana. The research design is survey, adopting both qualitative and quantitative methods to generate data. The sample size of 400 respondents divided into 200 respondents in Nigeria and 200 respondents in Ghana were purposively selected to participate in the study. The study is situated within the Gender Mainstreaming theory. Findings reveal, men and the patriarchal institutions control virtually every aspect of the Nigerian and Ghanaian societies in respect to women in general and implementations of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 in particular. The findings further revealed that religion and its dogma have a firm grip on the lives of the people in the two countries adherents. The study recommended among others, that the Ministry of Women Affairs in Nigeria and the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, Ghana should have an all-inclusive critical stakeholder which would include men, women and religious leaders of the two societies in the formulation of new NAPs.Item Explaining the State of Environmental Enforcement in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region: some Theoretical Consideration(Journal of Political Studies, 2024-06-10) EDO, Zephaniah Osuyi; FAJIMBOLA, Joshua Olatunde; BRAIMAH, Frederick ImuebeThere are several theories that elucidate the current condition of environmental enforcement and laws in Nigeria, as well as the subsequent deterioration of the Niger Delta ecosystem by oil multinational corporations. These theories are not exclusive as they relate with other theories to advance a holistic view. This study examines three theories in connection to the continuous and unresolved environmental challenges confronting the Niger Delta area in Nigeria. These are the dependency theory, the rentier state theory, and the regulatory capture theory. Anchored on historical research design and the use of secondary data, the findings indicated that Nigeria's enforcement programmes had been seriously affected by its total reliance on oil proceeds and the subsequent capture of its regulatory agencies by oil multinationals. The paper discovered that Nigeria's oil dependency, rent-seeking behavior, and corruption had been the greatest obstacle to the enforcement regime in the country. This situation led to a condition where though the laws exist to address environmental injustice, the various governments, especially at the centre, have made sure that they are not applied stringently as it would mean a reduced income on a resource that has been defining the country's economy trajectory for over 60 years. The paper, therefore, recommended holistic approaches that are measurable and achievable to resolving the problem and dilemma of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.Item GIRL CHILD EDUCATION AND ADOLESCENCE PREGNANCY AN ASSESSMENT OF UNFPA ADVOCACY(Journal of Perspectives in Gender Development (JPIGD). Centre for Gender Development Studies Delta State University, 2023-11) OLOWONIYI, Amanda Funke; BRAIMAH, Frederick Imuebe; ADEJO, Deborah BoluwatifeAdolescent pregnancy is a complex issue with social, economic, and health implications. Factors such as poor access to health care and education, gender inequality, and limited access to comprehensive sexual education contribute to the issue. This study examined the girl child education and adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria and the United Nations Population Fund’s (UNFPA) advocacy concerning education and adolescent pregnancy. Adopting the Social Learning Theory, it examined the persistence of adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria, despite UNFPA advocacy efforts. The qualitative research approach was adopted to generate the secondary data which were obtained from published articles and online sources. The MAXQDA thematic analysis was used to generate data analysis. The study found that a comprehensive strategy is needed to prevent adolescent pregnancy, including advancing gender equality and increasing access to contraception. The study also found out that early marriage and cultural misconception limits the girl child’s education. The study recommends that collaborations between UNFPA, the Association for Reproductive and Family Health, and other organizations are needed to strengthen comprehensive sexual education, advocate for gender equality, improve access to reproductive health services, and support economic empowerment.Item RESTORING CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT WITH MILITARY MIGHT: THE ECOWAS DILEMMA(International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies (IJMSSPCS), 2023-09) ADEFISOYE, TAIWO OLADEJI; BRAIMAH, FREDERICK IMUEBEThis paper examined the dilemma faced by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in utilizing military might to restore democratically elected civilian governments, particularly in the wake of the resurgence of military rule in the subregion. Although not a recent phenomenon, the resurgence of military interventions and unlawful take-over in Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, and especially in the Niger Republic have occupied the front burner in many quarters and have re-ignited scholarly and diplomatic debates on how best such an ugly trend could be arrested. Of particular interest to this paper is the military option considered by ECOWAS in restoring civilian governments in the sub-region. Therefore, this article assesses the short-term and long-term effects of joint military options in restoring civilian government in West Africa. The article provided a historical background to military take-over, ECOWAS military interventions in the past, and the consequences of such actions. The paper posited that ECOWAS must carefully weigh the political, economic, and security considerations of utilizing military force to restore civilian government in a sub-region that is volatile and ravaged by mammoth security challenges. Such a military option would further destabilize the region and cause unconceivable security and economic challenges. The paper recommends that the diplomatic option should be embraced while economic sanctions are imposed on the military junta in Niger.Item HERDERS-FARMERS CONFLICT, STATE GOVERNMENT’S INTERVENTION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA: EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT FROM OGBESE COMMUNITY IN AKURE NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, ONDO STATE(International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies (IJMSSPCS), 2023-06) ADEMOLA-OYELANA, ADEKEMI DEBORAHThis study investigated herders-farmers conflict, state Government’s intervention, and conflict management in Nigeria. The issues examined include: the causal factors responsible for the herders-farmers conflict; the conflict effects on social economic; various form of intervention programmes that state government embarked on reducing herders-farmers conflict and the level of awareness, extent of the acceptability, efficacy and the inevitable consequences of the intervention programmes. The study used the survey-descriptive research design while four-point scale likert-type questionnaire was employed as the research instrument to elicit responses from one hundred responses selected using convenience and voluntary response sampling method. The data was analyzed using SPSS Software Version 26. The findings from the study revealed that scarcity of natural resources such as grazing land and water; destruction of crops and farmland caused by the herders during grazing are the major internal factors that caused herders-farmers conflict and the conflict as well has negative effects on socioeconomic. The establishment of Amotekun Corps and enacted of anti-open grazing law as parts of the programmes established by the government in reducing the herdersfarmers conflict received full awareness and acceptability by all and sundry. The efficacy of these programmes has no doubt significantly reduced the conflict, though; the inevitable consequences remain the huge cost implication of the establishment of Amotekun corps and criticisms from oppositions. The study therefore recommends that Northern State Government should encourage and establish ranching system, trainings, and provide fund and loan at very low interest to herders to enhance cattle business since cattle rearing is their major occupation, which in return will reduce the herders’ migration southward. While in the western part of Nigeria, modern way of rearing cattle – ranching should be made mandatory for the indigenous herders to embrace with the support of the state government as being practiced in other civilized country. In addition, Western Nigeria Security Network codenamed Operation Amotekun should strategize another means to complement the efforts of her state security network – Amotekun Corps to combat the security challenges facing the region.Item Resurging Prebendalism, Clientelism and Candidate Endorsement Syndrome: A Critique of the 2019 Presidential Election in Nigeria(Adeleke University Journal of Business and Social Sciences (AUJBSS), 2023) Adefisoye, Taiwo O.; Braimah, Frederick I.Before the 2019 presidential election, Nigeria’s political landscape was besieged by a series of candidate endorsements from various religious, socio-cultural, political, and professional groups. The candidacy of the incumbent President, Muhammadu Buhari of the All Progressives Congress (APC), and that of a former Vice President, Atiku Abubakar of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) enjoyed unprecedented mind-bugling and staggering endorsements. This occurred despite strong concerns/criticisms on the likely performance of the incumbent, the dismal records, and the issue of integrity of the main challenger. The questions this paper raise therefore are: were the various endorsements made based on the credibility, integrity, performance, and track records of the two main candidates, or were they based on a clientelist, prebendal, and patronage system, which have characterised politics/political contests in the country? Did such endorsements emerge from a rational, apolitical, and objective assessment of the two candidates? Besides, did those endorsements have any significant effect on the outcomes of the election? To answer these questions, Rational Choice was used as the theoretical anchorage, while a survey design with a mixed-method approach was adopted. An online questionnaire was administered to fifty respondents purposively drawn from a population that comprised academics, professionals, members of civil society organisations and students to generate primary data. Secondary data were sourced from books, journal articles, newspapers, and media commentaries. Results showed that the majority of the endorsements were not objective; rather, they were based on political manoeuvres/patronage, religious, ethnic, and tribal sentiments among other factors. This reflects that personal or group’s material benefits are placed over performance in the country’s political arena.Item The Historical Antecedents of Ilara-Mokin and the Transformational Impact of Elizade University(Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, 2022) Adegbenro, Omololu; Olofinsao, Abiodun; Braimah, FrederickItem Only the Fittest Would Survive: Nigeria’s Policy Environment and the Dilemma of Private Universities(Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, 2020) Adefisoye, Taiwo O.; Ifedayo, Tolu E.Item Bureaucratic Deconcentration and Its Implication for Rural Development in Nigeria(Delta State University: Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 2022-04) Braimah, Frederick Imuebe; Ohwona, Andrew I.Item Diaspora Remittances: Implications for Nigeria Economy(Edo Journal of Arts, Management and Social Sciences, 2021-12-01) Braimah, F. I.; Oyewole, O.M.This paper examined the impact of diasporan remittances on the economic development of their home country with Nigeria in focus. Some perspectives consider remittances as a quantitative metric for measuring the impact of the Nigerian in diaspora on Nigeria’s economic development. The colossal loss of human capital due to brain drain has posed a challenge to the economic development of Nigeria. However, considering that travelling overseas by their wards for greener opportunities is a long-term goal of several families who invest in their education, it becomes necessary to analyze their impact on the Nigerian economy. The study was situated within the classical and neo-classical perspectives of migration theory while data were collected from secondary sources. The study found out that the Nigerians in the diaspora make significant quantitative (remittance and investment), and qualitative contributions (education, health, and non-governmental services) to Nigeria’s economic development. The paper, therefore, recommends that the Nigerian government through the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development should initiate policies that will provide a more enabling environment for Nigerians in the Diaspora to contribute to the development of the country. Encourage more remittances by a deliberate reduction of the cost of overseas remittances by the Central Bank of Nigeria.Item Active on Paper, Passive in Practice: Local Government and the Challenges of Disaster Management in South West, Nigeria, 2010-2018(Journal of Health and Social Issues (JOHESI), 2018-09) ADEFISOYE, Taiwo O.The National Disaster Management Framework of Nigeria stipulates among other things that State Governments should formulate enabling laws for the establishment and functioning of Local Emergency Management Authority. Therefore, in consonance with the spirit and letter of the local government as the closest administrative unit to the people, it is widely regarded as the most immediate public service provider and the first responder to any disaster. Despite this, the posture of the local government in Nigeria’s disaster management system is not desirable, as it has been a passive player. This undesirable development raises the question of disaster management policy implementation in the country. Taking a cue from incidents of flooding particularly those of 2011 and 2012 in South West, Nigeria as case studies, the paper examined the posture of the local government within Nigeria’s disaster management policy framework. With a view to achieving the objective of the paper, a field survey was carried-out in six purposively selected local areas in four of the six states in South West, Nigeria. Interviews were also conducted with relevant key informants. The study found-out among other things, that States in the South West region are yet to comply with the provision of the National Disaster Management Framework to establish Local Emergency Management Authority at the local government level. Instead, the responsibility is still not acceptable to many state-owned emergency management outfits; a situation that poses a great danger to the achievement of the overall policy goals of disaster management in Nigeria. Knowing the importance of the local government in disaster management, the paper recommends among other things that financial and political autonomy of the local government would re-position it as an active player.Item Security and Intelligence Challenges in Guinea-Bissau, Africa’s Narco-State and Issues Beyond Borders(Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2021-06) Abiodun, Temitope Francis; Fajimbola, Joshua OlatundeThis paper focuses on the international security concerns in relation to the disquiets in the tiny West African state, Guinea-Bissau since independence. The country famously known as “narco-state” faces formidable challenges with weak governance negatively impacting on intelligence services. Intelligence and security reform is a building block of democracy, but this has been habitually weakened in Guinea-Bissau during the last four decades. The state remains one of the most fragile nations in the world having had its security culture totally perturbed, occasioned by the military rule since independence from Portugal in 1974. With over nine coup d’états that have been staged with a number of state administrations toppled coupled with an avalanche of internal conflicts, and prevalence of transnational phenomena (cocaine trafficking), and other traditional state-based challenges, the African narco-state has been left with a very weak governance structure, security, and intelligence services. The study examines Guinea-Bissau’s intelligence culture drawing from secondary sources to understand how intelligence has been shaped and how intelligence has influenced the country in the context of poverty and authoritarianism. The study examines the various factors that have shaped the state’s intelligence, analyzing the transformation and reform in the state’s defense and security sector. It provides recommendations so the Bissau-Guinean intelligence community can be more effective. This study uses secondary sources and makes use of descriptive and content analyses techniques.Item THE ROLE OF POLITICAL EDUCATION IN PROMOTING ATTITUDINAL CHANGE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA(American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences., 2016-04-24) Adefisoye, Taiwo Oladeji; Oluwaseun, BamideleBackground: It is widely acknowledged that democracy in Nigeria which should be essentially value-based and value-driven is presently a paradox of what it should be. This is because the structures and processes that underpin an effective democratic system in Nigeria are not driven and powered by a particular mindset or ideology. Objectives: To examine the cause(s) of the attitudinal deficiencies in the current practice of democracy in Nigeria, and to explore the extent to which political education could revitalize the identified attitudinal deficiencies for peaceful democratic system. Methods: To achieve the objectives of this work, direct observation and secondary data were adopted. Results: It was discovered that the present ideological deficiencies in Nigeria‘s democracy can be traced and attributed to the long period of military rule in the country. Besides the long years of military rule, the decline in societal values, poor and dysfunctional educational cum socialization processes, perceived compromise on the part of the different agents of political socialization, are other factors. Consequently, many political leaders in Nigeria are obsessed with power—a seductive drive that breeds political instability, ethnic violence, religious riots, moral corruption, economic distortions, megalomania, perversion and desecration of all that is good in the country. Conclusion: If Nigeria is to maintain a strong and responsible democracy and a prosperous and sustainable economic growth into the next century, it must be prepared to address and respond to political attitudinal deficiencies especially among young Nigerians at home and in the diasporaItem FROM THE RULING TO THE OPPOSTION PARTY: NIGERIA’S PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGE(American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences, 2016-04-16) Adefisoye, Taiwo Oladeji; Ayodele, BonnieBackground: Towards the terminal end of military dictatorship, and the epoch of Nigeria‟s Fourth Republic in 1999, the People‟s Democratic Party emerged as Nigeria‟s foremost political platform. Resultantly, the party, for sixteen uninterrupted years bestrode Nigeria‟s political landscape like a colossus; controlling the federal government, dominating the Senate, and House of Representatives, and having the highest number of governors than the other political parties put together at a point in time However the party lost out, and assumed the position of an opposition party after the 2015 general election. Objectives: To examine the rise and fall of Nigeria‟s foremost political party in its Fourth Republic - The People‟s Democratic Party. Methods: To achieve the objectives of this work, direct observation and secondary data were used. Also, interest articulation and interest aggregation; accountability and transparency; democratic consolidation; and conflict management, were used as variables to assess the performance of the PDP. Results: It was found out that the PDP fell short of its objectives, dismally performed, and failed to translate the aspirations of Nigerians into concreteobservable realities. Rather, for sixteen years of its hold onto power, the party was an academy of intrigue, lacking internal cordiality and cohesion. Consequently, massive corruption, insecurity, godfatherism among other socio-political ills, characterized Nigeria‟s political landscape for the period in view. All these (performance-failure of the party and the inevitability of change in particular) contributed to the defeat and the repositioning of the party from the ruling to the opposition position. Conclusion: The ability of the electorates to vote out any political party or individuals for lack of performance (as the case of the PDP in Nigeria) is one of the attractions of democracyItem Policing through the community in Nigeria: The missing link in security architecture(Ikenga: Journal of African Studies, 2021-06) Oke, Chris I. A.; Braimah, Frederick; Masajuma, Florence U.This study examined policing through the community as a strategy of strengthening the security architecture of Nigeria. The study adopted a variety of theories such as citizen participation and the broken window to interrogate the subject matter. The study x-rayed some empirical studies on the perception of the Nigeria police by the public and also contextualized citizens’ participation in community policing to situate the effectiveness of policing through the community. The study found out that policing through the community will improve intelligence gathering capacity of the security agencies in its fight against criminality and insurgencies in Nigeria. The study recommends that the present structure of the police should be decentralized and also take measures to reinvent itself to change the negative perception of the public towards it.Item Prophesying or Prophelying? Prophets, Prophetic Punditry and the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria(Case Studies Journal, 2017-03) Adefisoye, Taiwo O.Although the 2015 general elections in Nigeria have come and gone, the marks they left behind are indelible and the lessons, unforgettable. The introduction and use of electronic voting option and Smart Card Readers; the odious and provocative nature of political campaigns and jingles; the triumph of the main opposition party and the defeat of the incumbent party after sixteen years of uninterrupted rule, were prominent events that heralded the exercise and thus made the 2015 elections a watershed in the history of electioneering in Nigeria’s democratic experience.The elections which were perhaps the most expensive in the history of Africa also marked the first time an incumbent president has ever lost re-election in Nigeria. Of concern to this work are the roles which prophets, ‘prophetic punditry’ and ‘prophetictheaters’ played before and during the elections. Relying on empirical evidence from direct observations and secondary sources, this work established that Nigeria’s political landscape was wantonly besieged by a barrage of prophecies, prophetic postulations, predictions and calculations which exacerbated tension within the polity and spread confusion among the populace. While certain prophecies strongly avowed bloody and gloomy electioneering exercise, others predicted free, fair and violence-free elections. While certain prophets contradicted their earlier prophesies, other prophets went totally wrong. Thus, this puts a question mark on the sacredness and divine nature of prophecies and prophets particularly those whose predictions were punctured by the outcome of the elections. The paper concludes that politics and religious faith continue to remain interlocked in an (unholy) matrimony in Nigeria’s politics.Item Africa: Understanding and Managing Violent Conflicts(Conflict Studies Quarterly, 2018-01) ADEFISOYE, Taiwo O.; BAMIDELE, OluwaseunIn 2011, the World Bank reported that an estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide live in conlict-affected countries where repeated cycles of political and organized violence hinder development, reduce human security and result in massive humanitarian suffering. Out of this igure, the African continent is host to a signiicant number. Since the 1960s, the continent has been laden with varied dimensions of conlicts, orchestrated by, but not limited to, border disputes, communal/ethnic differences and political agitations caused by her colonial origin and other internal trajectories. Using document analysis conducted through systematic review, this work identiies causes and consequences of conlicts in Africa and prospects for peaceful and enduring conlict resolution mechanism. It was also identiied that the response of African Union and other sub-regional organizations to the intense and chronic nature of conlict situations in the region has, over the years, ranged from apathy to reliance on short-term security measures, which has otherwise not able to proffer lasting solutions to the conlict situations. It was posited that rather than rely on heavy military operations and response-centric approaches to conlict management, there is a dire need for a robust effort at good governance and people-centred policy reforms where socioeconomic development is accorded high priority to mitigate the perception of alienation and marginalization among various groups in African countries. Besides, appropriate institutional responses by African states are critical and necessary to transforming the volatile environment to peaceful havens, conducive for development and progress.Item Effect of Waste Management Control on Tourism Development: Ado-Ekiti as a Case Study(Case Studies Journal, 2017-03) Adefisoye, Taiwo O.; Ogunlade, IbiyinkaIncreasing waste generation is synonymous with growing urbanization and human development which can be controlled by efficient and effective management. Some problems associated with waste management can be very severe, particularly in developing countries where technological know-how required for recycling human wastes and processing them into useful items, are inadequate. Consequently, poor waste management has constituted major hindrances to healthy living, environmental sustainability and development of tourism potentials. Ado-Ekiti, thecapital of Ekiti State, South West Nigeria, is used as a case study. This work examined the implication(s) of poor waste management on tourism development, with particular reference to its aesthetic values. Relying on both primary and secondary data, this research found out that certain mountains in the study area (witha specific focus on Okeyinmi also known as Okuta-gbokuta-ru), have been turned to refuse sites, public toilets and even to an abode of social miscreants. Lack of political will, unstable government policies among other factors; have prevented the development and optimal utilization of the city’s tourism potentials. However, effective and efficient management of municipal domestic wastes would go a long way in thedevelopment of the tourism potentials of the city; improve its internally generated revenue; provide employment opportunities and income earnings for jobless youths; engender community participation in heritage management and ultimately, alleviate poverty and underdevelopment.Item Between May 29 and June 12 1993: The Political Intrigues of Democracy Day Celebration in Nigeria(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2018-11) Adefisoye, Taiwo O; Oluwaleye, Janet MonisolaThe article examined an issue that has attracted wide-spread debates and intrigues in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic (1999-2018) - democracy day celebration. Initially May 29, ostensibly to mark the end of military rule and the commencement of the Fourth Republic; it was changed to June 12 almost two decades later. The reason for such action was to perhaps honour M.K.O Abiola; the acclaimed winner of the enigmatic June 12 1993 presidential election. Both decisions, particularly the latter, have been given various interpretations, particularly coming in less than a year to the 2019 general elections. The article therefore analyses the political intrigues around Democracy Day celebration in Nigeria. In achieving its objectives, an online survey was conducted among fifty-four Nigerians, resident in the country and in the Diaspora. Besides, scholarly works and newspaper articles were reviewed. The article argued that the decision to declare May 29 as Nigeria’s Democracy Day and the subsequent change to June 12 was elitist, politically-strategic and not in the interest of the people which democracy represents.Item Nigeria and the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security(Journal of Public Administration and Development Alternatives (JPADA), 2019-06) Adefisoye, Taiwo O.; Adefisoye, I.D.With a determination to addressing the negative impacts of violent conflicts and wars on women and girls, the United Nations Security Council made Resolution 1325 in October 2000. In an effort to repositioning women and girls to play active roles in peace and security through the Resolution, the United Nations sought the involvement of UN member-states in its implementation. In response, the Nigerian government through the Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development formulated the first National Action Plan in 2013. Despite coming after twelve years, the first NAP did not achieve its major formulation goals owing to poor coordination of stakeholders; poor inter-agency collaboration; non-inclusion of violent conflicts/extremism; poor logistics; and lack of political will on the part of some states and local governments to domesticate gender-related laws. These challenges bedeviled the first NAP and occasioned the introduction of the second NAP in May 2017. This study, therefore, interrogates the challenges confronting the implementation of the UNSCR 1325 in mobilising women and girls to overcome the traditional challenges militating against their effective mobilisation for peacebuilding and engagement in security-related activities in Nigeria. Data for the study were generated from primary and secondary sources. The study revealed among other things that certain socio-cultural factors coupled with inherent ecological issues within Nigeria’s policy environment have affected the implementation of the UNSCR 1325 on women, peace and security and such undesirable trend may continue if concerted efforts are not geared towards addressing them.